An overview of Electroconvulsive Therapy
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is a medical procedure that involves passing small electric currents through the brain to trigger a brief seizure under general anesthesia. It is used to quickly reverse symptoms of certain mental health conditions, such as severe depression, treatment-resistant depression, severe mania, and catatonia. ECT is administered in a controlled setting using modern techniques to minimize risks and side effects. The procedure includes monitoring vital signs, administering anesthesia, applying electrodes to the head, and inducing a brief seizure through the ECT machine. Multiple treatments are usually required for optimal results, and ongoing treatment may be necessary to prevent symptom recurrence.
What is Electroconvulsive Therapy used for?
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is used to treat severe symptoms of certain mental health conditions, including severe depression, treatment-resistant depression, severe mania, and catatonia. It may also be considered for agitation and aggression in people with dementia when other treatments have not been effective. ECT involves passing small electric currents through the brain to trigger a controlled seizure, leading to rapid improvements in symptoms. The use of controlled electric currents and general anesthesia has made ECT much safer than in the past, with minimized risks and side effects.
How to prepare for Electroconvulsive Therapy?
Before undergoing electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), patients need to follow certain preparations, including:
- Dietary Restrictions: Patients are usually required to fast for several hours before the procedure, which means no food or water after midnight, with only a sip of water allowed to take any morning medications.
- Physical Exam: A brief physical exam may be conducted to assess the patient's heart and lung function.
- Intravenous (IV) Line: An IV line will be inserted, typically in the arm or hand, to administer medications and fluids during the procedure.
- Medications: Specific medications will be given through the IV before the procedure, including anesthetic drugs to induce unconsciousness, muscle relaxants to minimize seizure activity and prevent injury, and potentially other medications based on the patient's health conditions or previous reactions to ECT.
- Electrode Placement: Electrode pads, about the size of a silver dollar, will be placed on the patient's head. The electrodes can be positioned on one side (unilateral) or both sides (bilateral) of the brain, depending on the treatment plan. It is important to follow the healthcare team's instructions for a safe and successful ECT procedure.
How is Electroconvulsive Therapy conducted?
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is conducted by passing small electric currents through the brain under general anesthesia, intentionally triggering a brief seizure. The procedure takes place in a controlled setting to minimize risks and side effects. During the procedure, the patient's brain activity, heart rate, blood pressure, and oxygen use are monitored. An IV line is inserted, and electrode pads are placed on the patient's head. Anesthetic, muscle relaxant, and potentially other medications are administered through the IV. The ECT machine is then used to induce a brief seizure, usually lasting less than 60 seconds. The exact process may vary based on the individual's needs and medical history.
How are Electroconvulsive Therapy results reported?
The results of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) are reported as improvements in symptoms after approximately six treatments, although full improvement may take longer. The response to ECT can vary among individuals, and some may not experience improvement. The exact mechanism of how ECT helps treat severe depression and other mental illnesses is not fully understood, but it is believed that seizure activity causes chemical changes in the brain that lead to symptom reduction. After symptom improvement, ongoing treatment such as antidepressants, psychotherapy, or less frequent ECT may be necessary to prevent symptom recurrence.