An overview of Mastectomy
A mastectomy is a surgical procedure that involves the removal of breast tissue, either partially or entirely, as a treatment or preventive measure for breast cancer. There are various types of mastectomy procedures, such as skin-sparing mastectomy, nipple-sparing mastectomy, or total mastectomy. Axillary node dissection and sentinel lymph node biopsy are procedures performed during a mastectomy to examine the lymph nodes for the spread of cancer.
What is Mastectomy used for?
A mastectomy is performed to remove all breast tissue from a breast as a way to treat or prevent breast cancer. It may be one treatment option for those with early-stage breast cancer, and it can also be used for those at very high risk of developing breast cancer. Both mastectomy and breast-conserving surgery (lumpectomy) are equally effective for preventing a recurrence of breast cancer. Newer mastectomy techniques can preserve breast skin and allow for a more natural breast appearance following the procedure, known as skin-sparing mastectomy. Surgery to restore shape to the breast, called breast reconstruction, may be done at the same time as the mastectomy or during a second operation at a later date.
How to prepare for Mastectomy?
Before a mastectomy, you will need to:
- Meet with your surgeon to discuss your options and ask any questions you may have.
- Provide your medical history and any relevant information to your healthcare team.
- Arrange for someone to drive you home after the procedure, as you may be under the influence of anesthesia.
- Follow any specific instructions provided by your healthcare team, such as not eating or drinking before the test.
Other preparations may include taking medications as prescribed, stopping certain medications before the procedure, and fasting for a certain period before the test. It's important to follow your healthcare team's advice and instructions for your specific situation.
How are Mastectomy results reported?
The results of your pathology report should be available within a week or two after your mastectomy. Your doctor will explain the report to you during your follow-up visit, where you can discuss the findings and any further treatment options that may be necessary. If additional treatment is required, your doctor may refer you to a specialist, such as a radiation oncologist or an oncologist.
Understanding the report
The results of a mastectomy are interpreted by reviewing the pathology report, which should be available within a week or two after the surgery. During the follow-up visit with your healthcare team, they can explain the report and discuss any further treatment options. If cancer is present in the removed lymph nodes, your doctor will discuss potential options such as radiation therapy or additional surgery. The interpretation of mastectomy results depends on the specific technique used, the extent of tissue and lymph nodes removed, and the presence of cancerous cells.
Limitations and Considerations
Limitations of mastectomy include:
- Permanent loss of breast tissue: A mastectomy involves the removal of breast tissue, which results in the permanent loss of the breast. This can have significant implications for a person's physical appearance, self-image, and emotional well-being.
- High risk of complications: Mastectomy carries risks, such as bleeding, infection, pain, swelling (lymphedema), buildup of blood in the surgical site (hematoma), and formation of hard scar tissue at the surgical site.
- Loss of lymph nodes: The removal of lymph nodes during a mastectomy can lead to lymphedema, which is the swelling of the arm due to the build-up of lymph fluid. This can cause pain, numbness, and limited range of motion in the arm.
- Impact on lymphatic system: Removing lymph nodes can also affect the body's natural defense system, making it more difficult to detect and treat any potential recurrence of cancer in the future.
- Altered sensation: Numbness, particularly under the arm, is a common side effect after lymph node removal. This can impact a person's sensation and ability to feel touch or temperature changes in the affected area.
- Breast reconstruction complications: Breast reconstruction may involve several procedures and carries its own set of risks, including infection, bleeding, and aesthetic issues. It's important to discuss the potential risks and limitations of mastectomy with your surgeon to make an informed decision about your treatment options.