An overview of mammogram
A mammogram is an X-ray image of the breasts used for breast cancer screening or diagnostic purposes. It involves compressing the breasts between two surfaces and capturing black-and-white images to examine for signs of cancer. Mammograms can detect breast cancer before symptoms appear and have been shown to reduce the risk of dying from breast cancer. They can be traditional 2D mammograms or 3D mammograms (breast tomosynthesis).
What is mammogram used for?
A mammogram is primarily used for breast cancer screening and diagnostic purposes. It is an X-ray image of the breasts that can detect cancerous or abnormal changes in breast tissue. Mammograms are important tools in early detection of breast cancer and can help reduce the risk of dying from the disease. They can be used for screening mammograms (performed on individuals with no symptoms) or diagnostic mammograms (conducted to investigate suspicious breast changes).
How often should mammogram be performed?
Talk with your healthcare provider about your risk factors, preferences, and the benefits and risks of screening to decide the best screening mammography schedule for you. Experts and medical organizations have different recommendations on when to begin regular mammograms and how often they should be repeated.
How to prepare for mammogram?
Patient preparations for a mammogram test include scheduling the test when breasts are least likely to be tender (usually during the week after menstrual period for menstruating individuals). Avoid using deodorants, antiperspirants, powders, lotions, creams, or perfumes under the arms or on the breasts before the test, as metallic particles in these products can be visible on the mammogram. Wear a two-piece outfit on the day of the test and bring any prior mammogram images on a CD to the appointment for comparison if necessary.
How is mammogram conducted?
During a mammogram test, you will go to a testing facility where you will be given a gown and asked to remove neck jewelry and clothing from the waist up. Your breast will be compressed between a clear plastic plate and a platform to spread out the breast tissue and allow the X-rays to penetrate. The compression may cause some discomfort but is not harmful. After the breast is compressed, an X-ray will be taken while you stand still and hold your breath. The entire procedure usually takes less than 30 minutes.
How are mammogram results reported?
Mammogram results are reported by a radiologist, who interprets the imaging tests. The results are typically presented as "negative" or "benign," indicating no significant abnormalities or cancer, or "positive" or "abnormal," suggesting the presence of cancer or other potential problems. In some cases, the results may be inconclusive, requiring further evaluation with additional tests. It's important to discuss any concerns or questions with your healthcare provider.
Understanding the report
Mammogram results are interpreted by a radiologist who examines the digital images produced by the mammogram. The radiologist looks for signs of cancer or other changes in breast tissue. If an abnormality is detected, additional tests such as an ultrasound or biopsy may be recommended. Most findings detected on mammograms are not cancerous. Your healthcare provider will discuss the results with you and determine any necessary further tests or actions.
Limitations and Considerations
The limitations of mammogram tests include potential risks from low-dose radiation exposure and the possibility of false positives or false negatives. Additional testing may be necessary if unexpected findings are detected, which may lead to anxiety or further procedures such as biopsies. Some breast cancers may still be missed by mammography, particularly if they are small or located in difficult-to-view areas.