Overview
Arthritis is a condition characterized by the swelling and tenderness of one or more joints. It typically causes joint pain and stiffness, with symptoms worsening over time. The most common types of arthritis are osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. Osteoarthritis occurs when the cartilage that cushions the ends of bones in a joint breaks down, while rheumatoid arthritis is caused by the immune system attacking the joints. Uric acid crystals, infections, or underlying diseases can also lead to other forms of arthritis. Treatments for arthritis aim to reduce symptoms and improve quality of life, depending on the type of arthritis.
Understanding the disease
Symptoms
The symptoms of arthritis include pain, stiffness, swelling, redness, and decreased range of motion in the joints. Depending on the type of arthritis, the symptoms may vary. Osteoarthritis causes cartilage damage, while rheumatoid arthritis involves the immune system attacking the joint lining. Other types of arthritis can result from factors such as uric acid crystals, infections, or underlying diseases. The main goal of arthritis treatments is to reduce symptoms and improve quality of life.
Risk Factors
Risk factors for developing arthritis include family history, age, sex, previous joint injury, and obesity. Age is a significant risk factor for many types of arthritis, such as osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and gout. Women are more likely to develop rheumatoid arthritis, while men are more prone to gout. Previous joint injury and obesity can also increase the risk of developing arthritis.
Development
Arthritis develops due to damage or inflammation in the joints. The most common types of arthritis are osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. Osteoarthritis is caused by wear-and-tear damage to the joint's cartilage, which can result from natural aging, joint injury, or infection. Rheumatoid arthritis, on the other hand, is an autoimmune disease that causes the immune system to attack the lining of the joint capsule, leading to inflammation and joint damage. Other types of arthritis can be caused by factors such as uric acid crystals, infections, or underlying conditions like psoriasis or lupus.
Assessment and Diagnosis
Triage
You should see a doctor if arthritis is suspected when there is severe pain in a joint that comes on suddenly or if there are signs of infection such as redness, warmth, and swelling in the affected joint. Additionally, if you have an artificial joint and experience pain or discomfort while using it, you should consult with a doctor.
Diagnosis
To diagnose arthritis, doctors typically perform a physical examination to check for swelling, redness, and warmth in the joints. They also assess the patient's ability to move their joints. Laboratory tests, such as the analysis of blood, urine, and joint fluid, can help determine the type of arthritis. Imaging tests like X-rays can detect problems within the joint causing symptoms.
Management and Treatment
Complications
Potential complications of arthritis include difficulty performing daily tasks, discomfort while walking or sitting, and joint misalignment or deformity. Severe arthritis can significantly impact a person's quality of life and mobility.
Treatment
The treatments for arthritis vary depending on the type of arthritis. The main goals of arthritis treatments are to reduce symptoms and improve quality of life. The most common types of arthritis are osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. Osteoarthritis involves wear-and-tear damage to a joint's cartilage, while rheumatoid arthritis is a disease in which the immune system attacks the joints. Treatment options may include medications, physical therapy, lifestyle modifications, and, in severe cases, surgery. Medications can include pain relievers, anti-inflammatory drugs, and disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs). Physical therapy can help improve flexibility, strength, and overall function. Lifestyle modifications can include maintaining a healthy weight, exercising regularly, and avoiding activities that strain the joints. Surgery may be necessary in severe cases to repair or replace damaged joints.
Preparing for medical consultation
To prepare for an appointment for arthritis, you should:
- Be aware of any pre-appointment restrictions and ask if there's anything you need to do in advance, such as restricting your diet.
- Write down any symptoms you're experiencing, including those unrelated to arthritis, along with their duration and any factors that worsen or improve them.
- List key personal information, such as major stresses or recent life changes.
- Make a list of all medications, vitamins, or supplements you're taking, including doses.
- Consider bringing a family member or friend for support and to help remember information discussed during the appointment.
- Prepare a list of questions to ask your doctor. By being well-prepared, you can ensure that you cover all important aspects of your condition and receive the most effective care for your arthritis.