Overview
Atelectasis is a condition where the entire lung or a specific area of the lung (lobe) collapses partially or completely. This occurs when the tiny air sacs (alveoli) within the lung become deflated or possibly filled with fluid. Atelectasis can happen following surgery, due to other respiratory issues like cystic fibrosis, lung tumors, chest injuries, fluid in the lungs, or respiratory weakness. Inhaling foreign objects can also lead to atelectasis. Symptoms can include difficulty breathing, rapid and shallow breathing, wheezing, and coughing. It is important to seek medical attention if you experience trouble breathing. Atelectasis can be caused by obstructive factors, such as mucus plugs or foreign bodies, and nonobstructive factors like chest injuries or anesthesia effects.
Understanding the disease
Symptoms
The symptoms of atelectasis may include difficulty breathing, rapid, shallow breathing, wheezing, and cough. However, it is important to note that there may be no obvious signs or symptoms present. If you experience any difficulty breathing, it is recommended to seek medical attention right away.
Development
Atelectasis can develop in two main ways: obstructive atelectasis and nonobstructive atelectasis. Obstructive atelectasis occurs when there is a blockage in the airway, preventing air from reaching the affected area of the lung. Causes of obstructive atelectasis include mucus plugs, foreign bodies, tumors inside the airway, and bronchial obstruction due to abnormal growths or inflammation. Nonobstructive atelectasis, on the other hand, is caused by pressure from outside the lung. This can be due to various factors such as chest wall deformities, injury, pneumonia, or respiratory weakness. Nonobstructive atelectasis can also occur after general anesthesia due to changes in breathing patterns and lung gas exchange. In summary, atelectasis can develop through obstructions in the airway or pressure from outside the lung. The specific cause depends on whether the atelectasis is obstructive or nonobstructive.
Assessment and Diagnosis
Triage
If you suspect atelectasis, you should seek medical attention right away if you have difficulty breathing. Other conditions besides atelectasis can cause breathing difficulties and require an accurate diagnosis and prompt treatment. If your breathing becomes increasingly difficult, seek emergency medical help.
Diagnosis
A doctor's examination and a plain chest X-ray are usually enough to diagnose atelectasis. Additional tests like a CT scan, oximetry, or ultrasound of the thorax may be performed to confirm the diagnosis or determine the type and severity of atelectasis.
Management and Treatment
Treatment
Atelectasis is a condition where a part of the lung has collapsed or expanded, causing reduced lung volume. Treatment of atelectasis depends on the underlying cause. In cases of mild atelectasis, treatment may not be necessary, as the condition may resolve on its own. For cases where treatment is necessary, the following options may be considered:
- Medications: Medications such as bronchodilators or mucolytic agents may be prescribed to loosen and thin the mucus, making it easier to cough up.
- Chest physiotherapy: Techniques like incentive spirometry, postural drainage, percussion, and the use of mechanical mucus-clearance devices can help improve lung function.
- Surgery: If a blockage is causing the atelectasis, it may be removed through suctioning or bronchoscopy. In cases where a tumor is causing the atelectasis, surgical removal or shrinkage of the tumor may be required.
- Breathing treatments: In some cases, a breathing tube may be needed, or continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) may be used to improve oxygen levels. The specific treatment approach will depend on the individual's age, health condition, and the severity of the atelectasis.