Overview
A blocked tear duct is a condition where the normal drainage system of the tears is obstructed, causing tears to accumulate and not drain properly. This results in watery, irritated eyes, and other symptoms such as excessive tearing, redness, recurrent eye infections, painful swelling, crusting of the eyelids, mucus or pus discharge, and blurred vision. The obstruction can occur at any age due to various reasons, including congenital defects, age-related changes, injury, infection, or tumors. Treatment options depend on the cause and age of the affected person.
Understanding the disease
Symptoms
The symptoms of a blocked tear duct include excessive tearing, redness of the white part of the eye, recurrent eye infection or inflammation, painful swelling near the inside corner of the eye, crusting of the eyelids, mucus or pus discharge from the lids and surface of the eye, and blurred vision. If you experience these symptoms, it is recommended to see a healthcare provider for proper evaluation and treatment.
Risk Factors
The risk factors for developing a blocked tear duct include older adults, chronic eye inflammation, previous surgery, glaucoma, and previous cancer treatment.
Development
Blocked tear ducts can develop due to various reasons, depending on the age and health of the individual. Congenital blockage is common in newborns, where the tear drainage system may not be fully developed or there may be a duct abnormality. Age-related changes can also cause blockages in older adults, where the tiny openings that drain tears (puncta) may get narrower. Chronic eye inflammation, previous surgery, glaucoma, and previous cancer treatment can also contribute to the development of a blocked tear duct.
Assessment and Diagnosis
Diagnosis
The primary method of diagnosing a blocked tear duct involves a healthcare provider examining the patient's eyes and discussing their symptoms. A few tests may be conducted to determine the location and cause of the blockage. These tests include a tear drainage test, irrigation and probing, and eye imaging tests such as X-ray, CT, or MRI. The chosen treatment depends on the underlying cause of the blocked tear duct.
Management and Treatment
Complications
Complications of a blocked tear duct include recurrent eye infections or inflammation, known as pink eye. Stagnant tears in the drainage system promote the growth of bacteria, viruses, and fungi, which can lead to frequent eye infections and inflammation. The conjunctiva, the clear membrane covering the eye surface, can also become infected or inflamed due to a blocked tear duct. Additionally, blocked tear ducts can cause discomfort, redness, and blurred vision. Prompt treatment of eye inflammation or infections can help reduce the risk of developing blocked tear ducts later in life.
Treatment
There are several ways to treat blocked tear ducts, depending on the underlying cause. Here are some of the treatments include:
- Balloon catheter dilation: This procedure involves using a catheter with a deflated balloon on the tip to open the blockage. It is usually effective for infants and toddlers and may also be used in adults with a partial blockage.
- Dacryocystorhinostomy (DAK-ree-oh-sis-toe-rye-nohs-tuh-me): This surgical procedure opens the passageway for tears to drain out of the nose again. It is commonly used to treat blocked tear ducts and may be performed under general or local anesthesia.
- Irrigation and probing: In this procedure, a saline solution is flushed through the tear drainage system to check for blockages. A slender instrument may also be inserted through the tiny drainage holes at the corner of your lid (puncta) to check for blockages, and in some cases, may fix the problem.
- Eye imaging tests: Contrast dye is passed from the puncta in the corner of your lid through your tear drainage system, and then X-ray, computed tomography (CT), or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is used to find the location and cause of the blockage.
- Medicines to fight infection: Antibiotic eye drops or pills may be prescribed if an infection is suspected.
- Watch-and-wait or massage: For babies born with a blocked tear duct, the condition may improve without treatment as the drainage system matures during the first few months of life. A special massage technique may be taught to help open the membrane if needed. In case of facial injury causing blocked tear ducts, waiting a few months to see if the condition improves as the injury heals is often suggested. Remember that the appropriate treatment for a blocked tear duct depends on the underlying cause. Consult with a healthcare provider to determine the most suitable treatment for your specific situation.
Preparing for medical consultation
To prepare for an appointment related to a blocked tear duct, you should:
- Be aware of any pre-appointment restrictions. Ask your healthcare provider if there are any specific instructions you need to follow before the appointment, such as avoiding certain medications or activities.
- Write down any symptoms you're experiencing. This includes any symptoms related to the blocked tear duct, as well as any other symptoms that may seem unrelated.
- Note down key personal information. This may include your medical history, any allergies, and any family history of eye conditions or tear duct issues.
- Make a list of all medications, vitamins, or supplements you're currently taking.
- Prepare a list of questions to ask your healthcare provider during the appointment. This can help ensure you get all the information you need and have a better understanding of your condition.
- Bring any relevant medical records, test results, or eye drops you've been using to the appointment. Remember to be as detailed as possible when discussing your symptoms and medical history with your healthcare provider. This information will help them make an accurate diagnosis and develop an appropriate treatment plan for your blocked tear duct.