Overview
Bone cancer is a rare type of cancer that originates in the bones. It can occur in any bone in the body, but it most commonly affects the pelvis or the long bones in the arms and legs. Bone cancer is relatively uncommon, accounting for less than 1% of all cancers. It is important to note that the term "bone cancer" does not include cancers that begin in other parts of the body and then spread (metastasize) to the bones. Instead, those cancers are named for where they began, such as breast cancer that has metastasized to the bone. Bone cancer is classified into different types based on the type of cell where the cancer began. The most common types include osteosarcoma, chondrosarcoma, and Ewing sarcoma. Osteosarcoma is the most frequent type of bone cancer, typically affecting children and young adults in the bones of the leg or arm. Chondrosarcoma, the second most common type, occurs in middle-aged and older adults, usually in the pelvis, legs, or arms. Ewing sarcoma predominantly arises in the pelvis, legs, or arms of children and young adults. The exact cause of bone cancer is not known, but certain factors have been linked to an increased risk. These include inherited genetic syndromes, such as Li-Fraumeni syndrome and hereditary retinoblastoma, as well as Paget's disease of bone, a condition more common in older adults, and previous radiation exposure. Symptoms of bone cancer may include bone pain, swelling and tenderness near the affected area, weakened bone leading to fracture, fatigue, and unintended weight loss. If you or your child experiences persistent bone pain that worsens at night, isn't relieved by over-the-counter pain medication, or is accompanied by other concerning symptoms, it is recommended to consult with a doctor.
Understanding the disease
Symptoms
Symptoms of bone cancer may include bone pain that comes and goes, becomes worse at night, or isn't helped by over-the-counter pain relievers. Other symptoms can include swelling and tenderness near the affected area, unintended weight loss, and fatigue. Additionally, vertebral tumors can cause back pain, loss of sensation or muscle weakness, difficulty walking, and paralysis. It's important to consult a doctor if you or your child develops these symptoms.
Risk Factors
The risk factors for developing bone cancer include inherited genetic syndromes such as Li-Fraumeni syndrome and hereditary retinoblastoma, Paget's disease of bone, and radiation therapy for cancer. Exposure to large doses of radiation, such as those given during radiation therapy for cancer, increases the risk of bone cancer in the future.
Development
Bone cancers develop when the cells in a bone grow abnormally and form a tumor. The most common types of bone cancer are osteosarcoma, chondrosarcoma, and Ewing sarcoma. These types of bone cancer develop from different types of cells within the bone. Osteosarcoma begins in the cells that form the bone tissue. It is the most common type of bone cancer, typically affecting children and young adults in the bones of the leg or arm. Chondrosarcoma originates in the cartilage cells of the bone. This type of bone cancer usually occurs in middle-aged and older adults in the pelvis, legs, or arms. Ewing sarcoma develops from a specific type of cells called Schwann cells or from bone marrow cells. This type of bone cancer most commonly affects children and young adults in the pelvis, legs, or arms. The exact causes of bone cancer are not entirely understood, but some risk factors have been identified, such as inherited genetic syndromes, Paget's disease of bone, and previous radiation exposure.
Assessment and Diagnosis
Triage
You should see a doctor if you or your child develops bone pain that:
- Comes and goes
- Becomes worse at night
- Isn't helped by over-the-counter pain relievers
Diagnosis
To diagnose bone cancer, imaging tests are typically recommended. These tests can help determine the location and size of bone tumors, as well as whether the tumors have spread to other parts of the body. The types of imaging tests that may be used include bone scans, computerized tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), positron emission tomography (PET), and X-rays. In some cases, a biopsy may be performed to remove a sample of tissue from the tumor for laboratory testing. This can help determine whether the tissue is cancerous and what type of cancer is present. The type of biopsy procedure used may be a needle biopsy or a surgical biopsy. It's important to seek the care of a medical team with experience in treating bone tumors when considering a biopsy.
Management and Treatment
Complications
Complications of bone cancer may include:
- Bone fractures: Bone cancer can weaken the bone, increasing the risk of fractures, even without a traumatic injury.
- Spread of cancer (metastasis): Bone cancer can spread to other parts of the body, such as the lungs, if not diagnosed and treated promptly.
- Impaired mobility and function: Depending on the location and extent of the tumor, bone cancer can cause pain, limited mobility, and impaired function of the affected limb or bone.
- Nerve compression: Tumors can cause pressure on nearby nerves, leading to pain, numbness, or weakness in the affected area.
- Infections: Bone cancer may increase the risk of infections in the affected area or nearby joints.
- Anemia: Cancer treatments, such as chemotherapy, can cause a decrease in red blood cell count, leading to anemia and fatigue. Early detection and proper treatment can help mitigate these complications. Regular screenings, especially for those with a higher risk due to genetic factors or previous radiation exposure, are essential for identifying bone cancer in its early stages.
Home Remedies
It is important to consult a healthcare professional for appropriate treatment and management of bone cancer.
Treatment
The treatments for bone cancer may include surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy, depending on the type and location of the cancer. Surgical removal is the most common treatment, and it may be accompanied by chemotherapy or radiation therapy to help eliminate any remaining cancerous cells. The decision to use surgery, chemotherapy, or radiation therapy is based on the type of bone cancer being treated.
Preparing for medical consultation
To prepare for an appointment for bone cancer, it is essential to be well-informed and well-prepared. Here are some steps you can take to make the most of your appointment:
- Gather your medical records: Bring any previous scans or X-rays, medical reports, and other relevant records to your appointment. This will help your doctor review your medical history and provide accurate information.
- List your symptoms and concerns: Write down any symptoms you have been experiencing, their duration, and any other concerns you have. This will help you cover all essential topics during your appointment.
- Prepare a list of questions: Create a list of questions you want to ask your doctor, prioritizing the most important ones. This will ensure you cover all the information you need during your limited appointment time.
- Note down your medical history: Make a list of your key medical information, including any existing conditions, medications, and supplements you are taking.
- Consider bringing a family member or friend: Having someone accompany you to the appointment can be helpful, as they can provide additional support, help remember important details, and contribute to the discussion.
- Relax and reduce stress: In the days leading up to your appointment, focus on relaxation techniques like deep breathing, meditation, or engaging in calming hobbies to help reduce stress levels. Remember to be open and honest with your doctor about your concerns and symptoms. This will help them provide the best possible care and guidance.