Overview
Buerger disease, also known as thromboangiitis obliterans, is a rare condition affecting the arteries and veins in the arms and legs. In this disease, blood vessels become blocked due to blood clots, reducing blood flow to the affected areas. Over time, the lack of blood flow damages or destroys skin tissue, which can lead to infection and death of body tissue, known as gangrene. Buerger disease typically begins in the feet and may eventually affect the blood vessels of the hands. Blood clots may form in the small veins of the arms and legs. The primary cause of Buerger disease is linked to tobacco use, and quitting all forms of tobacco is the only effective way to stop its progression.
Understanding the disease
Symptoms
The symptoms of Buerger disease include:
- Tingling or numbness in the fingers or toes.
- Changes in skin color in the hands and feet, such as paleness, grayness, redness, or blueness.
- Raynaud's disease, which causes the fingers and toes to turn white and then blue when exposed to cold.
- Pain in the feet that worsens with walking.
- Painful open sores on fingers and toes.
- Inflammation of a vein just below the skin's surface due to a blood clot in the vein. If you suspect you may have Buerger disease, it's important to see a healthcare provider for proper diagnosis and treatment.
Risk Factors
The risk factors for developing Buerger disease include smoking or using any type of tobacco, being male, being younger than 45 years old, long-term infection of the gums in the mouth, and long-term use of marijuana or cannabis.
Development
Buerger disease, also known as thromboangiitis obliterans, is a rare condition that affects the blood vessels in the arms and legs. It is strongly linked to tobacco use, with chemicals in tobacco causing damage to the blood vessel lining. Some people may have genetic predisposition, and the disease may occur when the immune system mistakenly attacks healthy tissue. The biggest risk factor is smoking or using tobacco in any form. Buerger disease can cause blood clots and reduce blood flow, leading to tissue damage and potential gangrene if left untreated. Quitting smoking is crucial in preventing the development and worsening of the disease.
Assessment and Diagnosis
Triage
You should see a healthcare provider if you think you have symptoms of Buerger disease. Some of the symptoms that warrant a visit to the doctor include:
- Tingling or numbness in the fingers or toes
- Changes in skin color in the hands and feet (pale gray, red, or blue)
- Fingers and toes turning white and then blue in response to cold temperatures (Raynaud's disease)
- Pain in the feet that occurs with walking
- Painful open sores on fingers and toes
- Swelling and inflammation of a vein just below the skin's surface due to a blood clot in the vein It's important to seek medical attention if you suspect you have Buerger disease, as the condition can cause serious complications if left untreated.
Management and Treatment
Complications
Potential complications of Buerger disease include:
- Gangrene: Buerger disease decreases blood flow to the hands and feet, which can cause painful open sores that do not heal. These sores may lead to gangrene, a serious condition requiring surgical intervention to remove affected tissues.
- Hepatitis: Patients with Buerger disease may experience mild liver inflammation (hepatitis).
- Jaundice: Occasionally, patients may develop yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes (jaundice).
- Anemia: Buerger disease can cause a decrease in red blood cells and hemoglobin levels, leading to anemia.
- Thrombocytopenia: This condition involves a low count of platelets, which are blood cells involved in clotting.
- Heart problems: Buerger disease can cause inflammation of the heart muscle (myocarditis).
- Complications involving the nervous system: These may include meningitis, encephalitis, and Guillain-Barre syndrome.
- Swollen tonsils: In rare cases, swollen tonsils can obstruct breathing. It is important to note that these complications are less common and more research is needed to confirm some of the links between Buerger disease and these conditions.
Prevention
Buerger disease can be prevented by not using tobacco. Quitting all forms of tobacco is the only way to stop Buerger disease. People who get Buerger disease almost always smoke cigarettes or use other forms of tobacco.
Preparing for medical consultation
To prepare for an appointment for Buerger disease, you should:
- Take someone along with you to your health care provider's visit, if possible. This person can help you remember information you receive during the appointment.
- Make a list of your symptoms, including any that may not seem related to Buerger disease. Note when the symptoms began.
- Gather information about your personal history, such as any previous medical conditions, surgeries, or treatments you've received.
- Bring a list of all medications, vitamins, or supplements you are currently taking, including doses.
- Prepare a list of questions to ask your health care provider, such as the most likely cause of your symptoms, recommended tests, treatment options, and whether you should see a specialist.
- Avoid smoking tobacco, vaping, or using marijuana, as these can worsen Buerger disease.
- Dress appropriately for the appointment, and be prepared to share your concerns and medical history with your health care provider. Remember to be open and honest with your health care provider about your symptoms and concerns, so they can provide the most accurate diagnosis and treatment plan for you.