Cancer

Overview

Cancer is a large group of diseases characterized by the uncontrolled growth and division of abnormal cells. These cells have the ability to invade and destroy normal body tissue, and may also have the potential to spread throughout the body. Cancer can affect various parts of the body and can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetics, lifestyle, and environmental factors. While cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide, survival rates have improved due to advances in cancer screening, treatment, and prevention.

Understanding the disease

Symptoms

The symptoms of cancer depend on the specific type of cancer and the part of the body affected. However, some general signs and symptoms associated with cancer include:

• Fatigue
• Lump or area of thickening that can be felt under the skin
• Weight changes, including unintended loss or gain
• Skin changes, such as yellowing, darkening or redness of the skin, sores that won't heal, or changes to existing moles
• Changes in bowel or bladder habits
• Persistent cough or trouble breathing
• Diarrhea or constipation
• Weight loss
• Chemical changes in your body (excessive thirst, frequent urination, constipation, and confusion)
• Brain and nervous system problems (pain and loss of function in one part of the body, headaches, and stroke-like signs) It is important to note that many of these symptoms can also be caused by other conditions, so it is crucial to consult a doctor for a proper diagnosis. If you experience any persistent signs or symptoms that concern you, make an appointment with your doctor.

Risk Factors

Risk factors for developing cancer include:

1. Age: Cancer can take decades to develop, which is why most people diagnosed with cancer are 65 or older. However, cancer can occur at any age.
2. Lifestyle choices: Certain habits can increase the risk of cancer. These include smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, prolonged sun exposure, frequent blistering sunburns, obesity, and having unsafe sex.
3. Sex: Being female increases the risk of breast cancer.
4. Genetic predisposition: Certain inherited gene mutations, such as BRCA1 and BRCA2, can increase the risk of breast cancer and other cancers.
5. Radiation exposure: Receiving radiation treatments to the chest, especially as a child or young adult, can increase the risk of breast cancer.
6. Obesity: Being obese can increase the risk of various types of cancer, including breast cancer.
7. Personal history of breast conditions: Having a personal history of breast biopsies that found lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) or atypical hyperplasia of the breast can increase the risk of breast cancer.
8. Personal history of breast cancer: Individuals who have had breast cancer in one breast have an increased risk of developing cancer in the other breast.
9. Hormonal factors: Beginning menstruation before age 12, beginning menopause at an older age, and having your first child after age 30 can slightly increase the risk of breast cancer.
10. Family history: Having a family history of breast cancer, particularly at a young age, can increase the risk of developing the disease. However, most people with breast cancer do not have a family history of the disease.

Development

Cancer develops as a result of changes (mutations) in the DNA within cells. These mutations can cause errors in the instructions that cells follow, leading to uncontrolled growth and division. There are multiple factors that can increase the risk of cancer, such as age, lifestyle habits, and inherited genetic mutations. Different types of cancer may have different causes, with some being linked to specific risk factors and others having unknown causes. It is important to note that not everyone with risk factors develops cancer, and some people without known risk factors may still develop cancer.

Assessment and Diagnosis

Triage

You should see a doctor if you experience any persistent signs or symptoms that concern you, such as unexplained weight loss, persistent cough or trouble breathing, difficulty swallowing, hoarseness, persistent indigestion or discomfort after eating, persistent, unexplained muscle or joint pain, persistent, unexplained fevers or night sweats, unexplained bleeding or bruising, abdominal pain, blood in your stool, or a change in your bowel habits that lasts longer than a week. Additionally, it's important to discuss your concerns with your doctor if you are worried about your risk of cancer and you don't have any signs or symptoms. Your doctor can advise you on which cancer screening tests and procedures are appropriate for your individual needs.

Diagnosis

Cancer diagnosis involves a combination of physical examinations, laboratory tests, imaging tests, and biopsies. Your doctor may use these methods to identify cancer and determine its stage. The specific diagnostic approach depends on the type and location of cancer. Once diagnosed, your doctor will determine the most appropriate treatment plan based on the cancer's stage and other factors.

Management and Treatment

Complications

Potential complications of cancer include pain, fatigue, skin changes, changes in bowel or bladder habits, persistent cough or trouble breathing, diarrhea or constipation, weight loss, chemical changes in the body, brain and nervous system problems, and radiation and chemotherapy side effects.

Prevention

Cancer prevention is possible by adopting certain lifestyle changes and following recommended guidelines. Some ways to reduce the risk of cancer include quitting smoking, limiting sun exposure, eating a healthy diet, engaging in regular exercise, maintaining a healthy weight, drinking alcohol in moderation, and getting recommended cancer screening exams. For specific types of cancer, there may be additional preventive measures, such as avoiding exposure to chemicals or wearing protective clothing and using sunscreen to reduce skin cancer risks. By following these guidelines and making healthy lifestyle choices, individuals can lower their risk of developing cancer.

Treatment

Cancer treatment options depend on various factors, including the type and stage of cancer, overall health, and personal preferences. The following are some common cancer treatments:

1. Surgery: Removing the tumor and surrounding affected tissue is often the first choice for many types of cancer.
2. Chemotherapy: Chemotherapy involves using drugs to kill cancer cells or slow their growth. It can be given through injections, pills, or intravenously.
3. Radiation therapy: Radiation therapy uses high-energy rays to destroy cancer cells. It can be delivered externally (from a machine outside the body) or internally (using radioactive substances placed inside the body near the cancer cells).
4. Immunotherapy: Immunotherapy helps the body's immune system fight cancer by either stimulating the immune system directly or giving it components, such as man-made immune system proteins.
5. Hormone therapy: Hormone therapy is used for certain hormone-sensitive cancers, such as breast or prostate cancer. It involves using drugs to block hormones or to lower the levels of hormones in the body.
6. Targeted therapy: Targeted therapy uses drugs or other substances to identify and attack specific types of cancer cells with less harm to normal cells.
7. Bone marrow transplant: Bone marrow transplant involves replacing damaged or destroyed bone marrow with healthy bone marrow stem cells.
8. Supportive care: Supportive care, also known as palliative care, helps manage the side effects and complications of cancer treatment, such as pain, nausea, and fatigue. Keep in mind that the best treatment plan for an individual with cancer will depend on various factors, and it's essential to discuss treatment options with a healthcare professional to determine the most appropriate course of action.

Preparing for medical consultation

To prepare for an appointment for cancer, you should:

1. Be aware of any pre-appointment restrictions and ask about any necessary preparations when scheduling the appointment.
2. Write down any symptoms you are experiencing, including those that may seem unrelated to cancer.
3. Record key personal information, such as major stresses or recent life changes.
4. Note your family's history of cancer, including types, relationships, and ages at diagnosis.
5. Make a list of all medications, vitamins, or supplements you are taking.
6. Consider bringing a family member or friend for support and to help remember information discussed during the appointment.
7. Prepare a list of questions to ask your doctor. Some essential questions might include understanding the type and stage of your cancer, potential treatment options, and what to expect during the process. Remember to prioritize your questions in case time is limited during the appointment.