Overview
Central nervous system vascular malformations are abnormalities in the blood vessels of the brain or spinal cord and their coverings. There are different types, including arteriovenous malformations (AVMs), cavernous malformations, dural arteriovenous fistulas, and venous malformations. Symptoms depend on the type and location of the malformation and can include bleeding, seizures, headache, and worsening neurological deficits. The cause is unclear, but some genetic conditions and injuries may play a role. Complications can include stroke, brain damage, and death. Intracranial venous malformations are a separate type that usually don't require treatment unless they cause symptoms.
Understanding the disease
Symptoms
The symptoms of central nervous system vascular malformations depend on the type and location of the malformation. Some common symptoms include bleeding, seizures, headache, and neurological deficits such as speech, vision, balance, memory problems, and other abilities. The exact symptoms may vary depending on the type of vascular malformation, which can include arteriovenous malformations (AVMs), cavernous malformations, and dural arteriovenous fistulas. If you suspect you or someone you know may have a vascular malformation, it is important to consult with a medical professional for proper diagnosis and treatment.
Development
The cause of central nervous system vascular malformations is unclear, but they can be present at birth (congenital) or develop later in life. Some genetic conditions can increase the risk of having vascular malformations, and injury to the central nervous system might also be a cause. Arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) and cavernous malformations are two types that can occur in or near the brain or spinal cord. A brain AVM is a tangle of blood vessels that connects arteries and veins in the brain, disrupting the vital process of oxygen supply.
Assessment and Diagnosis
Triage
You should see a doctor if central nervous system vascular malformations are suspected if you or your child experience symptoms such as bleeding, seizures, headache, worsening neurological deficits, or any other brain or nervous system problems. These symptoms may indicate the presence of a vascular malformation that requires medical attention to prevent further complications.
Diagnosis
To diagnose central nervous system vascular malformations, a healthcare provider typically looks for a family history of stroke, epilepsy, or related conditions. Listening for a whooshing sound called a bruit, which is caused by fast blood flow through a malformation, might also help with the diagnosis. Imaging tests such as angiograms, magnetic resonance angiograms (MRA), computerized tomography angiograms (CTA), and regular MRI or CT scans can help detect and plan treatment for the malformation.
Management and Treatment
Complications
Complications of central nervous system vascular malformations can include:
- Bleeding (hemorrhage): Vascular malformations can cause bleeding into nearby tissues, leading to swelling, pressure, and damage to the brain or spinal cord.
- Stroke: A burst blood vessel can cause a stroke, which may result in brain damage.
- Brain damage from a burst blood vessel: Bleeding or pressure from the vascular malformation can cause brain damage.
- Death: Severe bleeding or other complications can be fatal.
- Learning and behavior problems in children: Children with central nervous system vascular malformations may experience cognitive or behavioral issues due to damage or pressure on the brain.
- Spinal column deformity: The malformation can cause spinal cord compression, leading to spinal deformities.
- High blood pressure in the veins (venous hypertension): This can cause fluid accumulation (edema) and tissue death due to lack of oxygen (spinal cord infarction).
- Hemorrhage: The presence of a vascular malformation can make it more likely for a spontaneous hemorrhage to occur, which can accelerate spinal cord damage. It's important to seek medical attention if you suspect a central nervous system vascular malformation, as early diagnosis and treatment can help prevent or minimize potential complications.
Home Remedies
It is important to consult with a healthcare professional for proper diagnosis and treatment options for central nervous system vascular malformations.
Treatment
Treatments for central nervous system vascular malformations vary depending on the type, location, and severity of the malformation. When possible, the goal of treatment is to prevent complications and improve symptoms. However, it's essential to consult with a medical professional for personalized advice.