Overview
Cervical cancer is a growth of abnormal cells in the cervix, which is the lower part of the uterus connecting to the vagina. Most cases of cervical cancer are caused by strains of the human papillomavirus (HPV). The immune system typically eliminates HPV, but in some cases, the virus can persist and cause cancerous cells to develop. Regular screening tests and HPV vaccination can help reduce the risk of cervical cancer. Treatment options may include surgery, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and radiation therapy, either alone or in combination. Common symptoms may include unusual vaginal bleeding, heavy and long-lasting menstrual bleeding, watery and foul-smelling vaginal discharge, and pelvic pain.
Understanding the disease
Symptoms
The symptoms of cervical cancer may include abnormal vaginal bleeding, such as bleeding after intercourse or after menopause, heavier and longer menstrual bleeding, watery, bloody vaginal discharge with a foul odor, and pelvic pain or pain during intercourse. If you experience any of these symptoms, it is important to consult a doctor or other healthcare professional for an evaluation.
Risk Factors
The risk factors for developing cervical cancer include smoking tobacco, increasing number of sexual partners, early sexual activity, other sexually transmitted infections like herpes, chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis, and HIV/AIDS. HPV, specifically, is the primary cause of cervical cancer. A weakened immune system and exposure to a miscarriage prevention drug called diethylstilbestrol (DES) can also increase the risk.
Development
Cervical cancer develops from abnormal cells in the cervix, which is the lower part of the uterus that connects to the vagina. The main types of cervical cancer are squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma, which begin in different types of cells in the cervix. Squamous cell carcinoma starts in thin, flat cells called squamous cells that line the outer part of the cervix, while adenocarcinoma begins in the gland cells that line the cervical canal. In rare cases, both types of cells are involved in cervical cancer, or cancer may occur in other cells in the cervix. Cervical cancer is primarily caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV), which is transmitted through sexual contact. Risk factors for cervical cancer include smoking, a high number of sexual partners, early sexual activity, and other sexually transmitted infections. To reduce the risk of developing cervical cancer, it is important to receive regular screening tests and receive the HPV vaccine.
Assessment and Diagnosis
Triage
If cervical cancer is suspected, you should see a doctor. It is essential to follow the recommended screening tests and consult a healthcare professional if you experience any symptoms or have concerns about your health.
Diagnosis
To diagnose cervical cancer, a thorough exam of the cervix is typically performed using a special magnifying instrument called a colposcope. This exam may involve a punch biopsy, where a sharp tool is used to pinch off small samples of cervical tissue, or endocervical curettage, which uses a spoon-shaped instrument or a thin brush to scrape a tissue sample from the cervix. If the results of these tests are concerning, further tests may include imaging tests, such as X-ray, MRI, CT, or positron emission tomography (PET) scan, as well as visual examination of the bladder and rectum using special scopes. The stages of cervical cancer range from 1 to 4, with lower numbers indicating cancer only in the cervix and higher numbers indicating more advanced cancer. Treatment for cervical cancer depends on factors such as the stage of the cancer, other health conditions, and personal preferences, and may involve surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, or a combination of these options.
Management and Treatment
Complications
Complications of cervical cancer can include:
- Infertility: Cervical cancer can damage the cervix or surrounding reproductive organs, leading to infertility or difficulty becoming pregnant.
- Recurrent cancer: After initial treatment, cervical cancer can recur, potentially involving the same area or spreading to other parts of the body.
- Pelvic organ dysfunction: Surgery and radiation therapy for cervical cancer can cause damage to nearby organs such as the bladder or rectum, resulting in urinary or bowel incontinence, or difficulties with sexual function.
- Emotional and psychological impact: A diagnosis of cervical cancer can be emotionally distressing and may lead to anxiety, depression, or other psychological issues.
- Metastasis: Cervical cancer can metastasize or spread to other parts of the body, such as the lymph nodes, lungs, liver, or bones. Once cancer has metastasized, it becomes more difficult to treat and can be life-threatening.
Prevention
Cancer prevention is a complex topic, and the following are some ways to reduce the risk of cervical cancer:
- Get regular Pap tests: Cervical cancer can be detected early through Pap tests, which can help monitor and treat precancerous conditions of the cervix. It is recommended to begin routine Pap tests at age 21 and repeat them every few years.
- Practice safe sex: Cervical cancer can be linked to human papillomavirus (HPV), which is spread through sexual contact. Taking measures to prevent sexually transmitted infections, such as using condoms and limiting the number of sexual partners, can reduce the risk of cervical cancer.
- Receive the HPV vaccine: The HPV vaccine can protect against HPV infection, which is a significant risk factor for cervical cancer. Consult with a healthcare professional to determine if the HPV vaccine is appropriate for you.
- Don't smoke: Smoking increases the risk of cervical cancer, so avoiding smoking or quitting if you are a smoker can help reduce the risk. Please consult a healthcare professional for personalized advice on cervical cancer prevention.
Home Remedies
It is important to consult a healthcare professional for proper diagnosis and treatment of cervical cancer. Screening tests, HPV vaccination, and early detection can greatly improve the chances of successful treatment and recovery.
Treatment
Cervical cancer treatments may include surgery, medicines to kill the cancer cells, chemotherapy, targeted therapy medicines, and radiation therapy with powerful energy beams. Sometimes treatment combines radiation with low-dose chemotherapy.
Preparing for medical consultation
To prepare for an appointment for cervical cancer, you can follow similar steps to those outlined for vaginal and endometrial cancer preparations. Here are some suggestions:
- Make an appointment with your family doctor or a gynecologist if you have any signs or symptoms that worry you. If it's determined that you have cervical cancer, you'll likely be referred to a doctor who specializes in cancers of the female reproductive system (gynecologic oncologist).
- Gather information about your symptoms and medical history. Write down any symptoms you're experiencing, including any that may seem unrelated to cervical cancer. Also, make a list of your personal information, including any major stresses or recent life changes.
- List all medications, vitamins, or supplements you're taking.
- Bring a family member or friend for support. It can be helpful to have someone with you to remember information discussed during the appointment and to provide emotional support.
- Prepare a list of questions to ask your doctor. Some basic questions to ask include:
- What's the most likely cause of my symptoms?
- Are there any other possible causes for my symptoms?
- What tests do I need to diagnose cervical cancer?
- What stages of cervical cancer are there, and how is it determined?
- What treatments are available? What side effects can I expect from each treatment? How will these treatments affect my sexuality?
- What do you think is the best course of action for me?
- Try to stay involved in your usual activities when you can. When you're feeling up to it, engage in your regular daily activities to maintain a sense of normalcy. Remember to tailor your preparation to your specific situation, and don't hesitate to ask your doctor for any additional guidance or clarification during the appointment.