Cervicitis

Overview

Cervicitis is an inflammation of the cervix, which is the lower, narrow end of the uterus that opens into the vagina. It can result from sexually transmitted infections like chlamydia and gonorrhea, as well as noninfectious causes such as allergic reactions or reactions to feminine hygiene products. Often, there are no symptoms, but if present, they may include unusual vaginal discharge, pain during intercourse or while walking, frequent urination, bleeding between menstrual periods, or fever. If you experience persistent unusual vaginal discharge, nonmenstrual vaginal bleeding, or pain during sex, it's important to see a doctor.

Understanding the disease

Symptoms

Symptoms of cervicitis may include large amounts of unusual vaginal discharge, frequent and painful urination, pain during sex, and bleeding between menstrual periods. It's also possible to have cervicitis without experiencing any signs or symptoms. If you have persistent, unusual vaginal discharge, nonmenstrual vaginal bleeding, or pain during sex, you should see your doctor. Cervicitis is often caused by sexually transmitted infections, but can also result from allergic reactions to contraceptive spermicides, latex in condoms, or feminine hygiene products.

Risk Factors

Risk factors for developing cervicitis include engaging in high-risk sexual behavior such as unprotected sex or sex with multiple partners, beginning sexual intercourse at an early age, having a history of sexually transmitted infections, and using certain medications like antibiotics or steroids. Additionally, hormonal changes, wearing damp or tight-fitting clothing, and using certain hygiene products like bubble bath, vaginal sprays, or deodorants can contribute to the condition.

Development

Cervicitis can develop from both infectious and noninfectious causes. The most common infectious causes are sexually transmitted infections (STIs), specifically gonorrhea, chlamydia, trichomoniasis, and genital herpes. These infections are transmitted through sexual contact. Noninfectious causes can include allergic reactions to contraceptive spermicides, latex in condoms, or feminine hygiene products. Other possible causes include infection of the urinary or reproductive system, HIV infection, use of a catheter, or diagnostic sampling of prostate tissue (biopsy). In summary, cervicitis can develop from various causes, including STIs, allergic reactions, and other infections. It is important to seek medical attention if you experience any symptoms or have concerns about cervicitis.

Assessment and Diagnosis

Triage

You should see a doctor if you suspect cervicitis, especially if you experience any of the following symptoms:

1. Large amounts of unusual vaginal discharge
2. Frequent, painful urination
3. Pain during sex
4. Bleeding between menstrual periods Additionally, you should consult a healthcare provider if you have persistant, unusual vaginal discharge, nonmenstrual vaginal bleeding, or pain during sex. It's important to seek medical advice to determine the underlying cause of cervicitis and receive appropriate treatment.

Diagnosis

To diagnose cervicitis, your doctor will likely perform a physical exam that includes a pelvic exam. During the pelvic exam, your doctor checks your pelvic organs for areas of swelling and tenderness. They may also place a speculum in your vagina to view the upper, lower, and side walls of the vagina and the cervix. Your doctor may also use a small cotton swab or a brush to gently remove a sample of cervical and vaginal fluid. This sample is sent to a lab to test for infections. Lab tests may also be performed on a urine sample.

Management and Treatment

Complications

Potential complications of cervicitis include pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), infertility, and an increased risk of acquiring HIV from an infected sexual partner.

Prevention

To prevent cervicitis, you can take the following precautions:

1. Use condoms: Consistent and correct use of condoms during sexual activities can significantly reduce the risk of contracting sexually transmitted infections (STIs), such as gonorrhea and chlamydia, which are common causes of cervicitis.
2. Limit your number of sex partners: Engaging in sexual activities with multiple partners increases the risk of contracting STIs, including cervicitis.
3. Practice abstinence: The surest way to prevent cervicitis is to abstain from sexual activities.
4. Get regular screenings: If you're sexually active, especially if you have multiple partners, discuss with your doctor the frequency of screenings for cervicitis and other sexually transmitted infections.
5. Avoid douching: Douching can disrupt the natural balance of bacteria in the vagina, which may increase the risk of infection and cervicitis. By following these preventive measures, you can lower your risk of developing cervicitis. However, if you're experiencing symptoms of cervicitis, it's essential to seek medical attention to receive proper diagnosis and treatment.

Home Remedies

Home remedies for cervicitis include:

1. Drinking cranberry juice: Although there is no definitive scientific evidence, drinking cranberry juice is unlikely to cause harm and may help prevent urinary tract infections.
2. Wiping from front to back: Always wipe from front to back after using the toilet to minimize the spread of bacteria from the anus to the urethra and vagina.
3. Emptying the bladder soon after sexual activity: Urinating soon after sex and drinking a full glass of water can help flush out bacteria that may have entered the urinary tract during intercourse.
4. Avoiding irritating feminine products: Refrain from using scented soaps, douches, powders, or other potentially irritating products in the genital area.
5. Safe sex practices: Using latex condoms or dental dams, cleaning sex toys, limiting the number of sexual partners, and abstaining from sex can help lower the risk of sexually transmitted infections. Remember that it is essential to consult a healthcare provider for a proper diagnosis and treatment plan if you suspect cervicitis or experience any related symptoms.

Treatment

To treat cervicitis, you may require medication depending on the underlying cause. If cervicitis is caused by an allergic reaction to products like spermicide or feminine hygiene products, no treatment is necessary. However, if it is caused by a sexually transmitted infection (STI) like gonorrhea, chlamydia, or bacterial infections, antibiotics will be prescribed for both you and your partner. For genital herpes, antiviral medication can help reduce symptom duration but there is no cure for herpes. It is a chronic condition. Your doctor may also recommend repeat testing for gonorrhea or chlamydia. To prevent transmitting a bacterial infection to your partner, refrain from sex until you complete your prescribed treatment.

Preparing for medical consultation

To prepare for an appointment for cervicitis, you should:

1. Avoid using tampons.
2. Don't douche.
3. Know the name of your partner, and the dates you had sexual relations.
4. Make a list of all medications or supplements you're taking.
5. Know your allergies.
6. Write down questions you have. Additionally, be aware of any pre-appointment restrictions, and write down your symptoms, medical information, and a list of all medicines, vitamins, or supplements you're taking. Bring a relative or friend with you for support, and write down questions to ask your healthcare provider. Some basic questions to ask include:

• What's the most likely cause of my symptoms?
• What kinds of tests do I need?
• What treatments are available, and what side effects can I expect?
• Is this a sexually transmitted infection?
• Should my partner be tested or treated?
• Do I need to stop having sex during treatment? How long should I wait?
• How can I prevent future episodes of cervicitis?
• Will this affect my ability to become pregnant? Remember to discuss any concerns or questions with your healthcare provider during the appointment.