Endometrial Cancer

Overview

Endometrial cancer is a type of cancer that originates in the uterus, specifically in the layer of cells that form the lining of the uterus, called the endometrium. It is sometimes referred to as uterine cancer. Endometrial cancer is often found at an early stage because it can cause symptoms such as irregular vaginal bleeding. If detected early, surgical removal of the uterus can often result in a cure.

Understanding the disease

Symptoms

Symptoms of endometrial cancer may include irregular vaginal bleeding, bleeding between periods, pelvic pain, and vaginal bleeding after menopause.

Risk Factors

The risk factors for developing endometrial cancer include changes in the balance of hormones in the body, particularly an increase in estrogen but not progesterone. Factors such as obesity, diabetes, irregular ovulation patterns, polycystic ovary syndrome, and taking hormone therapy medicine after menopause can contribute to this imbalance. Other risk factors include having a rare type of ovarian tumor that produces estrogen, starting menstruation before age 12, beginning menopause later, never having been pregnant, older age, and taking hormone therapy for breast cancer, such as tamoxifen.

Development

Endometrial cancer develops when cells in the lining of the uterus, known as the endometrium, experience changes in their DNA. These changes instruct the cells to multiply quickly and continue living when healthy cells would normally die as part of their natural life cycle. This leads to an excessive growth of cells, which may form a tumor. If left untreated, the cancerous cells can invade and damage healthy tissue in the body. In some cases, the cancerous cells can break away and spread to other parts of the body. The risk factors for endometrial cancer include changes in hormone balance, obesity, never having been pregnant, older age, and taking certain hormone therapies.

Assessment and Diagnosis

Triage

You should see a doctor if you experience symptoms such as irregular vaginal bleeding, bleeding between periods, or pelvic pain, as these may indicate endometrial cancer. It is important to make an appointment with a healthcare professional if you have any symptoms that worry you.

Diagnosis

To diagnose endometrial cancer, healthcare professionals typically perform a combination of tests and procedures. These may include:

1. Pelvic exam: A healthcare professional inspects the reproductive organs for signs of cancer.
2. Transvaginal ultrasound: A device called a transducer is inserted into the vagina to create images of the uterus, helping to identify any abnormalities.
3. Endometrial biopsy: A sample of tissue is removed from the lining of the uterus for laboratory testing to determine the presence of cancer.
4. Hysteroscopy: A thin, flexible device is inserted into the uterus to visually examine the endometrium.
5. Dilation and curettage (D&C): This procedure involves scraping tissue from the uterus to collect cells for testing. These tests and procedures help doctors determine the stage of endometrial cancer, which plays a significant role in planning an appropriate treatment plan. It's important to note that these tests and procedures are performed by medical professionals, not at home. Always consult with a healthcare professional if you suspect endometrial cancer or have concerns about your reproductive health.

Management and Treatment

Complications

Potential complications of endometrial cancer include:

1. Local invasion: Endometrial cancer can invade nearby organs such as the bladder, rectum, or bowel, leading to complications like urinary or bowel problems.
2. Regional spread: If cancer cells spread to nearby lymph nodes, it can cause complications like swelling or lymphedema in the affected area.
3. Distant spread (metastasis): Endometrial cancer can spread to other parts of the body, such as the lungs, bones, or liver. This can lead to life-threatening complications depending on the extent of the spread and the organs affected.
4. Recurrence: After initial treatment, endometrial cancer can recur locally or distantly, leading to further complications and potentially requiring additional treatment.
5. Radiation-induced complications: If radiation therapy is used as part of the treatment, it can cause side effects such as skin irritation, fatigue, or damage to healthy tissues surrounding the treated area. It is essential to follow up with your healthcare provider and closely monitor any potential complications if you have been diagnosed with endometrial cancer or are undergoing treatment.

Home Remedies

It is important to note that endometrial cancer should be treated and managed under the guidance of healthcare professionals. If you or someone you know is experiencing symptoms or has been diagnosed with endometrial cancer, it is crucial to consult with a healthcare professional for appropriate evaluation and treatment options.

Treatment

Treatments for endometrial cancer may vary depending on the stage of the cancer, the person's overall health, and personal preferences. Common treatment options include:

1. Surgery: The primary treatment for endometrial cancer is often surgery. This may involve removing the uterus (hysterectomy), as well as the cervix, fallopian tubes, and ovaries, depending on the extent of the cancer.
2. Radiation therapy: Radiation therapy uses high-energy rays or particles to kill cancer cells. This treatment may be used before or after surgery to kill any remaining cancer cells.
3. Chemotherapy: Chemotherapy uses drugs to kill cancer cells. It may be used in combination with radiation therapy or as the primary treatment for advanced stages of endometrial cancer.
4. Hormone therapy: Hormone therapy may be used for endometrial cancers that are stimulated by hormones, such as estrogen and progesterone. This treatment can involve removing the ovaries and/or taking medications that lower hormone levels or block estrogen and progesterone receptors.
5. Targeted therapy: Targeted therapy uses drugs that specifically target cancer cells, blocking their growth and spread. This may be an option for certain types of endometrial cancer.
6. Clinical trials: Participating in clinical trials can provide access to new treatments and therapies that are not yet widely available. It is important to discuss the best treatment options with your healthcare team, as they will be able to provide personalized recommendations based on your specific situation.

Preparing for medical consultation

To prepare for an appointment for endometrial cancer, you should:

1. Write down any symptoms you're experiencing, including those that may not seem related to the reason for your appointment.
2. Make a list of all medications, vitamins, or supplements that you're taking.
3. Note if you've used any type of hormonal therapy in the past, including birth control pills, tamoxifen, or other hormonal treatments.
4. Bring someone with you to the appointment for support and to help remember information.
5. Prepare a list of questions to ask your healthcare team, prioritizing the most important ones.
6. Be ready to share any relevant personal information, such as major stresses or recent life changes. Remember to be open and honest with your healthcare team about your concerns and symptoms, so they can provide the best possible care and guidance.