Overview
Epidermoid cysts, also known as sebaceous cysts, are noncancerous small bumps that develop beneath the skin. They can occur anywhere on the skin but are most common on the face, neck, and trunk. These cysts are slow-growing and typically painless, so they may not require treatment unless they become painful, ruptured, infected, or if their appearance bothers someone. Epidermoid cysts are caused by abnormal growth of cells, usually due to a damaged hair follicle or oil gland in the skin. They are different from true sebaceous cysts, which are less common.
Understanding the disease
Symptoms
Symptoms of epidermoid cysts include a small, round bump under the skin, usually on the face, neck, or trunk; a tiny blackhead plugging the central opening of the cyst; a thick, yellow, smelly material that sometimes drains from the cyst; and redness, swelling, and tenderness in the area if inflamed or infected.
Risk Factors
Risk factors for developing epidermoid cysts include being past puberty, having certain rare genetic disorders, and injuring the skin.
Development
Epidermoid cysts develop when the cells on the surface of the skin (epidermis) move deeper into the skin and multiply, rather than sloughing off as they typically do. This abnormal growth of cells can be due to a damaged hair follicle or oil gland in the skin. These cysts may be formed due to irritation or injury of the skin or the most superficial portion of a hair follicle.
Assessment and Diagnosis
Triage
You should see a doctor if you have an epidermoid cyst that:
- Grows rapidly
- Ruptures or becomes painful or infected
- Occurs in a spot that's constantly irritated
- Bothers you for cosmetic reasons
- Is in an unusual location, such as a finger or toe
Diagnosis
To diagnose epidermoid cysts, doctors usually examine the cyst visually. They may also perform a skin biopsy, where they remove a sample of the cyst for laboratory analysis. Epidermoid cysts often look similar to sebaceous cysts, but they are formed differently. Epidermoid cysts occur due to damage to hair follicles or the outer layer of the skin. If you suspect you have an epidermoid cyst, consult with your healthcare provider for proper diagnosis and treatment options.
Management and Treatment
Complications
Potential complications of epidermoid cysts include inflammation, rupture, infection, and in very rare cases, skin cancer.
Treatment
Epidermoid cysts are usually noncancerous and slow-growing, and they often don't require treatment. However, there are instances when a doctor may recommend removing a cyst:
- If the cyst is painful, ruptured, or infected.
- If it's causing discomfort or bothering you for cosmetic reasons.
- If it's in an unusual location, such as on a finger or toe. The removal of an epidermoid cyst is typically performed by a dermatologist or a healthcare provider. The most common method of removal is called "incision and drainage." The healthcare provider will make a small incision over the cyst, then gently squeeze out the contents and remove the cyst wall. In some cases, the cyst may be fully removed. It's important to note that epidermoid cysts have a tendency to recur after treatment. If you have a cyst that requires removal, your doctor may recommend a follow-up appointment to check on the cyst's status and ensure it hasn't returned. Remember that many people refer to epidermoid cysts as sebaceous cysts, but they're different. True sebaceous cysts are less common and have different causes.
Preparing for medical consultation
To prepare for an appointment for epidermoid cysts, you should:
- Make a list of your key medical information, including any conditions you've been treated for, medications, vitamins, and supplements you take.
- Note any recent injuries to your skin, including surgical incisions, accidental wounds, or the presence of the cyst.
- List questions you have about your condition, such as its diagnosis, causes, treatment options, potential complications, and preventive measures.
- Consider bringing a family member or friend to the appointment for support and to help you remember the information discussed.
- If you've tried any home remedies or treatments for the cyst, mention them to your doctor. Remember to be open and honest with your doctor about your concerns and expectations. This appointment is an opportunity to discuss your condition, receive guidance, and develop a plan for managing your epidermoid cyst.