Liver Cancer

Overview

Liver cancer is a type of cancer that originates in the cells of the liver, a football-sized organ located in the upper right portion of the abdomen. The most common form of liver cancer is hepatocellular carcinoma, which begins in the main type of liver cell (hepatocyte). Although cancer that spreads to the liver from another part of the body is more common than cancer that begins in the liver cells, it is still essential to differentiate between primary liver cancer and metastatic cancer. Primary liver cancer may not show symptoms in the early stages, but when they do appear, they may include weight loss, loss of appetite, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, fatigue, and jaundice. It is essential to consult a doctor if you experience any worrisome symptoms. The causes of liver cancer are DNA mutations in liver cells, leading to uncontrolled cell growth and tumor formation.

Understanding the disease

Symptoms

The symptoms of liver cancer may include losing weight without trying, loss of appetite, upper abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting, general weakness and fatigue, abdominal swelling, yellow discoloration of the skin and the whites of the eyes (jaundice), white chalky stools. If you experience any of these symptoms, it is advised to make an appointment with your doctor.

Risk Factors

Risk factors that increase the risk of primary liver cancer include:

• Chronic infection with HBV or HCV (hepatitis B virus or hepatitis C virus)
• Cirrhosis, a progressive and irreversible condition that causes scar tissue in the liver
• Certain inherited liver diseases, such as hemochromatosis and Wilson's disease
• Diabetes, which increases the risk of liver cancer compared to those without the condition
• Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, characterized by an accumulation of fat in the liver
• Exposure to aflatoxins, poisons produced by molds that can contaminate crops like grains and nuts
• Excessive alcohol consumption, which can lead to irreversible liver damage

Development

The various types of liver cancer can develop in different ways. The most common type of liver cancer is hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), which begins in the main type of liver cell called hepatocytes. Other types of liver cancer, such as intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma and hepatoblastoma, are less common. Cancers that spread to the liver from other parts of the body, such as the colon, lung, or breast, are called metastatic cancers rather than liver cancers. These cancers are named after the organ where they originated, like metastatic colon cancer that spreads to the liver.

Assessment and Diagnosis

Triage

You should see a doctor if liver cancer is suspected based on symptoms such as losing weight without trying, loss of appetite, upper abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting, general weakness and fatigue, abdominal swelling, yellow discoloration of your skin and the whites of your eyes (jaundice), and white, chalky stools. If you experience these symptoms, it is important to make an appointment with your healthcare provider.

Diagnosis

To diagnose liver cancer, a combination of tests and procedures are used. These include blood tests to reveal liver function abnormalities, imaging tests such as ultrasound, CT, and MRI, and removing a sample of liver tissue for laboratory testing, which is called a liver biopsy. A liver biopsy involves inserting a thin needle through the skin and into the liver to obtain a tissue sample. Based on the history and blood test results, the underlying cause of cirrhosis may be diagnosed. Imaging tests like transient or magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) and noninvasive tests may also be done to monitor liver disease. The stage of the cancer is determined through staging tests, which include CTs, MRIs, and bone scans.

Management and Treatment

Complications

Potential complications of liver cancer may include:

1. Spread of cancer (metastasis): Liver cancer often spreads to other parts of the body, such as the lungs, bones, and other organs. This can lead to further complications and reduce the chances of successful treatment.
2. Increased bleeding risk: Due to the presence of the tumor, the liver may not be able to perform its normal functions, such as blood clotting, leading to an increased risk of bleeding.
3. Malnutrition: Liver cancer can cause a decrease in appetite and digestion problems, making it difficult to consume adequate nutrients. This can lead to malnutrition and weaken the body.
4. Jaundice: When liver cancer blocks the bile ducts, it can cause jaundice, a condition marked by yellowing of the skin and eyes. This can be associated with itching and other complications.
5. Fluid accumulation (ascites): Liver cancer can cause fluid to accumulate in the abdominal cavity, leading to discomfort and other complications.
6. Infection: The weakened liver may be more prone to infections, which can further complicate the condition.
7. Multiorgan failure: In advanced cases, liver cancer can cause damage to multiple organs, leading to multiorgan failure. It is important to note that the specific complications may vary depending on the individual case and the stage of the cancer.

Home Remedies

on home remedies specifically for liver cancer. However, general recommendations for maintaining liver health, such as eating a healthy diet, maintaining a healthy weight, reducing alcohol intake, and using chemicals sparingly, can contribute to overall liver health and potentially help reduce the risk of liver cancer. It is important to consult with a healthcare professional for personalized advice on managing liver health and addressing any concerns related to liver cancer.

Treatment

The treatment options for liver cancer depend on the stage and location of the tumor, as well as the overall health of the patient. Some possible treatments for liver cancer include:

1. Surgery: Removing the tumor through surgery may be an option for some patients with early-stage liver cancer.
2. Hepatic artery embolization: Blocking blood flow to the liver with embolization can help shrink the tumor and relieve symptoms.
3. Radiofrequency ablation: This procedure uses heat to kill cancer cells in the liver.
4. Cryoablation: This method involves freezing and thawing the cancer cells to kill them.
5. Radiation therapy: High-powered energy beams can be used to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors, either through external beam radiation or brachytherapy.
6. Targeted drug therapy: These drugs focus on specific abnormalities within cancer cells and can cause cancer cells to die. They may be effective for some people with advanced liver cancer.
7. Chemotherapy: Chemotherapy drugs can be administered through a vein or directly to the cancer cells to kill them.
8. Injecting alcohol or chemotherapy drugs into the tumor: These methods can be used to directly target the tumor and kill cancer cells. It is important to discuss treatment options with a healthcare team to determine the best course of action for each individual case.

Preparing for medical consultation

To prepare for an appointment for liver cancer, you should:

1. List your symptoms, including any that seem unrelated to liver cancer.
2. Provide key personal information, including any major stresses or recent life changes.
3. Create a list of all medications, vitamins, or supplements you are taking.
4. Bring medical records, including test results and previous scans, to the appointment.
5. Take a family member or friend along to help you remember the discussion.
6. Prepare a list of questions to ask your doctor, such as: a. What type of liver cancer do I have? b. What is the stage of my liver cancer? c. What does my pathology report say? Can I have a copy of the pathology report? d. What are my treatment options? e. What are the potential side effects of each treatment option? f. Should I seek a second opinion? g. Should I see a liver cancer specialist? What will that cost, and will my insurance cover it? Remember to discuss any pre-appointment restrictions, such as dietary limitations, with your doctor before the appointment.