Overview
Mesothelioma is a type of cancer that affects the mesothelium, a thin layer of tissue that covers the majority of internal organs. It is an aggressive and deadly form of cancer, with different types based on the affected part of the mesothelium. The most common type is pleural mesothelioma, which affects the tissue surrounding the lungs and causes signs and symptoms such as chest pain, coughing, shortness of breath, and unusual lumps under the skin on the chest. Asbestos exposure is the primary cause of mesothelioma, and reducing exposure may lower the risk. Other forms of mesothelioma are rarer and have unclear signs and symptoms, such as pericardial mesothelioma (affecting the heart) and mesothelioma of tunica vaginalis (affecting the testicles). It can take 20 to 60 years or more for mesothelioma to develop after asbestos exposure.
Understanding the disease
Symptoms
Mesothelioma symptoms depend on the location and type of the cancer. Common symptoms include chest pain, coughing, shortness of breath, unexplained weight loss, and unusual lumps under the skin. Pleural mesothelioma affects tissue surrounding the lungs, while peritoneal mesothelioma occurs in abdominal tissue. Pericardial mesothelioma affects tissue around the heart, and mesothelioma of tunica vaginalis affects tissue surrounding the testicles. Symptoms may vary or be less clear for rare types of mesothelioma.
Risk Factors
The primary risk factors for developing mesothelioma are asbestos exposure and inherited conditions. Asbestos is a mineral found naturally in the environment, and when it's broken up during mining or removal, dust is created. Inhaling or swallowing asbestos fibers can cause irritation that may lead to mesothelioma. It can take 20 to 60 years or more for mesothelioma to develop after asbestos exposure. Although most people with asbestos exposure never develop mesothelioma, other factors may also increase the risk. These include personal history of asbestos exposure and other health conditions that may predispose an individual to cancer.
Development
The various types of mesothelioma develop when a series of changes (mutations) occur in the DNA of the cells that make up the mesothelium, the thin layer of tissue that covers the internal organs. These mutations cause the cells to grow and multiply uncontrollably, eventually forming a tumor. The exact cause of these mutations is not entirely clear, but researchers believe that it is likely due to a combination of factors such as inherited conditions, environmental factors, health conditions, and lifestyle choices. The most significant risk factor for mesothelioma is exposure to asbestos, a mineral fiber that was widely used in various products until it was recognized as a health hazard. Asbestos exposure can occur through inhalation or ingestion of asbestos fibers, which can settle in the lungs or stomach and cause irritation that may lead to mesothelioma. It's important to note that most people with asbestos exposure do not develop mesothelioma, indicating that other factors may also play a role in the development of the disease.
Assessment and Diagnosis
Triage
You should see a doctor if you have signs and symptoms that worry you, especially if you have been exposed to asbestos. Mesothelioma symptoms are not specific to this disease, so it is essential to consult a doctor for an evaluation.
Diagnosis
To diagnose mesothelioma, a combination of physical examinations, imaging scans, and biopsies are conducted. The process typically begins with a physical exam to check for lumps or other unusual signs. Imaging scans, such as chest X-rays and CT scans, are used to look for abnormalities. Based on the findings, further testing may be done to determine whether mesothelioma or another disease is causing the symptoms. A biopsy, a procedure to remove a small portion of tissue for laboratory examination, is the only definitive way to diagnose mesothelioma. This can be done by inserting a needle through the skin to remove fluid or a piece of tissue, or by collecting a sample of tissue during surgery. Once mesothelioma is confirmed, additional tests may be performed to understand the extent of the cancer's spread. These tests may include CT scans, MRIs, and positron emission tomography (PET) scans.
Management and Treatment
Complications
Complications of mesothelioma may include difficulty breathing, chest pain, difficulty swallowing, pain caused by pressure on the nerves and spinal cord, and the accumulation of fluid in the chest (pleural effusion). These complications arise as the cancer spreads in the chest and puts pressure on the surrounding structures.
Home Remedies
Mesothelioma is a serious medical condition that requires proper diagnosis and treatment by medical professionals. It is not recommended to rely on home remedies for mesothelioma, as it is a complex and aggressive form of cancer. If you or someone you know is experiencing symptoms of mesothelioma or has been exposed to asbestos, it is essential to consult with a healthcare professional for proper evaluation and treatment options.
Treatment
Treatments for mesothelioma include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and supportive care. Surgical options may involve removing the tumor, a segment of the lung, or even the entire lung, depending on the stage and location of the cancer. Chemotherapy uses drugs to kill cancer cells, while radiation therapy uses high-energy rays to destroy cancer cells. Supportive care aims to manage symptoms and improve the quality of life for patients. However, it's important to note that mesothelioma is often an aggressive and deadly form of cancer, and curative treatments may not always be possible.