Overview
Mouth cancer, also known as oral cancer, refers to cancer that develops in any of the parts that make up the mouth, such as the lips, gums, tongue, inner lining of the cheeks, roof of the mouth, or floor of the mouth. Mouth cancer is one of several types of cancers grouped in a category called head and neck cancers. It typically begins in the flat, thin cells (squamous cells) that line the lips and the inside of the mouth. Symptoms of mouth cancer may include a lip or mouth sore that doesn't heal, a white or reddish patch on the inside of the mouth, loose teeth, a growth or lump inside the mouth, mouth pain, ear pain, and difficult or painful swallowing. If you have any persistent signs and symptoms that bother you and last more than two weeks, it's important to make an appointment with your doctor or dentist to investigate the cause.
Understanding the disease
Symptoms
Symptoms of mouth cancer may include a lip or mouth sore that doesn't heal, a white or reddish patch on the inside of your mouth, loose teeth, a growth or lump inside your mouth, mouth pain, ear pain, difficult or painful swallowing, and a sudden rush of foul-smelling and foul-tasting, salty fluid in your mouth. If you experience any persistent signs and symptoms that bother you and last more than two weeks, it's recommended to make an appointment with your doctor or dentist.
Risk Factors
Risk factors for developing mouth cancer include tobacco use (cigarettes, cigars, pipes, chewing tobacco, snuff), heavy alcohol use, excessive sun exposure to your lips, human papillomavirus (HPV), and a weakened immune system.
Development
Mouth cancers, specifically oral cancers, most commonly begin in the flat, thin cells (squamous cells) that line the lips and the inside of the mouth. The mutations in these cells' DNA lead to the accumulation of abnormal cells, which form a tumor. Over time, these cancer cells may spread to other areas of the head and neck or other parts of the body. It's not clear what exactly causes the mutations in squamous cells that lead to mouth cancer. However, certain risk factors have been identified, including tobacco use, heavy alcohol consumption, excessive sun exposure to the lips, human papillomavirus (HPV), and a weakened immune system. It's important to note that the information provided here is based on a general overview of mouth cancer and its causes. If you have concerns about mouth cancer or specific symptoms, it's recommended to consult with your doctor or dentist for personalized advice and care.
Assessment and Diagnosis
Triage
You should see a doctor if mouth cancer is suspected, especially if you have persistent signs and symptoms such as a lip or mouth sore that doesn't heal, a white or reddish patch on the inside of your mouth, a growth or lump inside your mouth, mouth pain, ear pain, or difficulty or painful swallowing. These symptoms should be investigated, especially if they have lasted for more than two weeks. Your doctor will likely first investigate other common causes for these signs and symptoms, such as an infection.
Diagnosis
To diagnose mouth cancer, doctors and dentists typically perform a physical exam to look for abnormalities such as sores and white patches. They may also perform a biopsy, where they remove a sample of cells for laboratory testing to determine if cancer or precancerous changes are present. Imaging tests like X-ray, CT, MRI, and PET scans may be used to determine if the cancer has spread beyond the mouth. Endoscopy, oral cultures, allergy tests, salivary measurements, gastric reflux tests, and other medical exams may also be conducted to rule out other conditions and gather more information about the patient's health.
Management and Treatment
Complications
Potential complications of mouth cancer may include:
- Difficulty in eating and swallowing: Mouth cancer can cause difficulty in swallowing and eating, leading to malnutrition and weight loss.
- Speech problems: Cancer in the tongue or other speech-related structures in the mouth can affect a person's ability to speak clearly.
- Pain: Mouth cancer can cause pain in the affected area, as well as pain when swallowing or opening the mouth wide.
- Nerve damage: Surgery or radiation therapy for mouth cancer can cause nerve damage, leading to numbness or tingling sensations in the lips, chin, or other areas of the face.
- Infection: Mouth cancer or its treatments can weaken the immune system, making the patient more susceptible to infections.
- Facial disfigurement: Mouth cancer or its treatments may result in changes to the appearance of the face or mouth, leading to psychological distress.
- Metastasis: Mouth cancer can spread to other parts of the body, such as the lymph nodes, lungs, or bones, leading to further complications and potentially life-threatening consequences.
- Dental problems: Mouth cancer or its treatments can result in dental issues, such as tooth loss or gum problems, requiring additional care. It is essential to seek medical attention if you experience any symptoms or complications related to mouth cancer. Early detection and treatment can help manage these complications more effectively.
Home Remedies
It is important to consult a healthcare professional for proper diagnosis and treatment of mouth cancer.
Treatment
Treatments for mouth cancer depend on the stage, location, and individual factors. Some common treatment options include:
- Surgery: This involves the removal of the tumor and surrounding tissue. Depending on the extent of the cancer, additional procedures like a neck dissection or reconstruction may be necessary.
- Radiation therapy: High-energy X-rays or other types of radiation are used to kill cancer cells. This treatment can be given externally or internally (brachytherapy).
- Chemotherapy: Chemotherapy uses drugs to destroy cancer cells. It may be given alone or in combination with other treatments.
- Targeted therapy: This type of treatment uses drugs or other substances to identify and attack specific types of cancer cells with less harm to normal cells.
- Immunotherapy: Immunotherapy uses the body's immune system to help fight cancer. It's not commonly used for mouth cancer but may be an option in some cases. In some cases, a combination of treatments may be recommended. It's essential to consult with a healthcare professional to determine the best treatment plan for an individual with mouth cancer.
Preparing for medical consultation
To prepare for an appointment for mouth cancer, follow these steps:
- Gather your medical and dental records: Make sure you have any relevant test results, medical or dental records related to your mouth discomfort.
- List your symptoms: Write down all your symptoms, even those that may not seem related to your mouth issue.
- Prepare a list of key personal information: Include any major stresses, recent life changes, or other factors that might be relevant to your health.
- Create a list of your medications: Make a list of all prescription medications, over-the-counter drugs, vitamins, herbs, or supplements you're taking, including dosages.
- Bring a support person: It's helpful to bring a family member or friend to the appointment for emotional support and to help remember important details discussed during the appointment.
- Prepare a list of questions: Compile a list of questions to ask your healthcare provider or dentist, such as the cause of your symptoms, necessary tests, and potential treatment options.
- Consider additional resources: If you're interested in complementary therapies like massage therapy, acupuncture, or relaxation techniques, ask your doctor for recommendations in your area. By being well-prepared for your appointment, you can make the most of your time with your doctor or dentist and ensure all your concerns are addressed.