Overview
Mumps is an illness caused by a virus that affects the glands on each side of the face, called parotid glands, which produce saliva. When someone has mumps, the virus is present in their saliva, and it can be transmitted through coughing, sneezing, or direct contact, such as kissing or sharing a water bottle. Complications from mumps can include swelling of the testicles, pancreatitis, hearing loss, and miscarriage. Vaccines are available to prevent mumps, and people who have had the vaccine are usually protected from infection. Mumps symptoms include fever, headache, muscle aches, fatigue, loss of appetite, and swelling of the salivary glands, which can cause tenderness and pain near the jaw.
Understanding the disease
Symptoms
The symptoms of mumps include fever, headache, muscle aches or pain, loss of appetite, and tiredness. Swelling of the salivary glands, usually on one or both sides of the face, is a common symptom. Swelling may be accompanied by pain or tenderness. In some cases, swelling may also occur below the floor of the mouth. Other symptoms may include stomach pain and, in males, swelling of the testicles. If you or your child experiences these symptoms, it is important to see a healthcare provider for a quick diagnosis.
Development
Mumps develop as a result of infection by a virus. The virus spreads through respiratory droplets or direct contact with an infected person. Symptoms typically appear 2 to 3 weeks after exposure to the virus. Mumps causes swelling of the salivary glands, usually on both sides of the face, which may be tender or painful. Complications are more likely among unvaccinated individuals and can include meningitis, encephalitis, pancreatitis, and hearing loss. The best prevention is to receive the MMR vaccine, which is typically given in combination with the measles and rubella vaccines.
Assessment and Diagnosis
Triage
You should see a doctor if mumps is suspected when you or your child develops symptoms such as swelling of one or both glands on the sides of the face, pain or tenderness around the swelling, fever of 103 F (39 C) or greater, trouble eating or drinking, confusion or disorientation, stomach pain, or pain and swelling of the testicles. Additionally, if you think your child has mumps, you should call your care provider immediately if any of these symptoms occur: fever of 103 F (39 C) or greater, trouble eating or drinking, confusion or disorientation.
Diagnosis
To diagnose mumps, a care provider will typically consider the presence of typical symptoms and known exposure to the mumps virus. Diagnostic tests that may be used include a sample test from the mouth, a blood test showing an immune system reaction to the virus, or a urine sample test (less common). It is important to contact your healthcare provider if you suspect mumps, as isolation and precautions should be taken to prevent the spread of the infection.
Management and Treatment
Complications
Potential complications of mumps include swelling of the salivary glands, hearing loss, pancreatitis, and miscarriage. In some cases, mumps can cause inflammation of the testicles or ovaries, leading to pain and swelling. Other possible complications include meningitis, encephalitis, and permanent hearing loss. Mumps can also cause inflammation of the pancreas, leading to abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and fever. Overall, complications are more likely in people who are not vaccinated against mumps.
Prevention
mumps can be prevented through vaccination. The mumps vaccine is typically given as part of the MMR (measles, mumps, and rubella) vaccine, which is recommended for children between the ages of 12 and 15 months. The vaccine provides protection against mumps infections, and those who are fully vaccinated are generally more likely to have milder symptoms and fewer complications if they do get mumps. It's important to note that vaccine protection may decline over time, so some individuals may still be susceptible to mumps even after receiving the vaccine. For those who are not vaccinated or whose immunity has waned, practicing good hygiene, such as frequent handwashing and avoiding close contact with infected individuals, can help reduce the risk of infection.
Treatment
There is no specific treatment for mumps, as most people recover within 3 to 10 days. To aid recovery and lessen symptoms, you can take the following steps:
- Rest: Ensure you get enough sleep and rest.
- Pain relievers: Use over-the-counter pain relievers like ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others) and acetaminophen (Tylenol, others) to help alleviate discomfort.
- Cold or warm cloth: Apply a cold or warm cloth to the swollen salivary glands to help reduce inflammation.
- Cold or ice pack: Apply a cold cloth or ice pack to swollen testicles to help relieve pain and swelling.
- Drink plenty of fluids: Stay hydrated by drinking plenty of water, tea, and other fluids to help your body fight off the infection. It's essential to isolate yourself or your child during the illness to prevent spreading the infection. Avoid contact with others until at least five days after the start of swollen salivary glands.
Preparing for medical consultation
To prepare for an appointment for mumps, it is important to be aware of any pre-appointment restrictions. At the time you make the appointment, ask if there are any restrictions you need to follow in the time leading up to your visit. Write down any symptoms you've been experiencing, including when they started and how long you've had them. Make a list of your key medical information, including any other conditions for which you're being treated and any medications, vitamins, or supplements you're currently taking. Be prepared to discuss your recent exposure to possible sources of infection, including any travel history or interactions with others who may have mumps. Bring a copy of your vaccination record, if possible. It's also a good idea to bring a list of any questions you have for your healthcare provider. Remember to inform the healthcare provider about your recent travel history, especially if you have visited countries where mumps are common. Also, make sure to get the necessary vaccinations before traveling to those countries. Overall, being well-prepared for your appointment can help ensure that you get the most out of your visit and can help your healthcare provider make the best decisions for your treatment and care.