Overview
Posterior cortical atrophy is a brain and nervous system syndrome that causes brain cells to die over time. It primarily affects the back of the brain, which is responsible for visual processing and spatial reasoning. As a result, people with this condition experience problems with eyesight and processing visual information. Common symptoms include trouble reading, judging distances, and reaching for objects. They may also have difficulty recognizing objects and familiar faces, as well as making calculations. Over time, this condition can cause a decline in memory and thinking abilities, known as cognitive skills. In more than 80% of cases, posterior cortical atrophy is due to Alzheimer's disease, but it can also be caused by other neurological conditions such as Lewy body dementia or corticobasal degeneration.
Understanding the disease
Symptoms
The symptoms of posterior cortical atrophy may include trouble with reading, spelling, or math, difficulty with driving, getting dressed, judging distances, using everyday objects or tools, and identifying left from right. Other common symptoms may include anxiety, confusion, changes in behavior and personality, and later on, memory problems.
Assessment and Diagnosis
Triage
You should see a doctor if you suspect posterior cortical atrophy or if you experience symptoms such as difficulty with reading, spelling or math, driving, judging distances, identifying left from right, anxiety, confusion, changes in behavior or personality, or problems using everyday objects or tools. A doctor can help determine the underlying cause and provide appropriate treatment and management recommendations.
Diagnosis
To diagnose posterior cortical atrophy, a specialist will review your medical history and symptoms, including vision problems. They will also conduct a physical exam and a neurological exam. Several tests may help diagnose your condition and rule out other causes, such as mental status and neuropsychological tests, Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET imaging or single-photon emission computerized tomography (SPECT), and a spinal fluid test. These tests can measure brain activity, blood flow to regions of the brain, and assess amyloid and tau proteins, which are hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease.
Management and Treatment
Complications
Complications of posterior cortical atrophy (PCA) may include:
- Decline in cognitive abilities: As the condition progresses, individuals with PCA may experience a decline in memory and thinking skills, which can impact their ability to perform daily activities and interact socially.
- Difficulty with daily activities: PCA can cause difficulties in performing daily tasks, such as driving, getting dressed, using everyday objects, and identifying left from right. This can lead to frustration and dependence on others for assistance.
- Behavioral and mood changes: People with PCA may experience changes in behavior, mood, and personality. They may become anxious, confused, or exhibit signs of depression.
- Increased risk of falls: PCA can impair balance and coordination, which can increase the risk of falls and related injuries, especially in older adults.
- Difficulty with communication: As the disease progresses, individuals may experience difficulty with speech, language, and communication, which can further isolate them socially.
- Decreased quality of life: PCA can significantly impact the individual's ability to perform activities of daily living and maintain independence, leading to a decline in overall quality of life. It is important to note that the progression and severity of complications can vary among individuals with PCA. Close monitoring, early intervention, and supportive care can help manage and minimize the impact of these complications.
Treatment
There are no specific treatments to cure or slow the progression of posterior cortical atrophy. However, certain therapies and medications may help manage the condition's symptoms. Medications: Healthcare providers may prescribe medications to treat symptoms such as depression or anxiety. Therapies: Physical, occupational, or cognitive therapy may help individuals regain or retain skills affected by posterior cortical atrophy. It is important to see a neurologist or a neuro-ophthalmologist for an accurate diagnosis and to rule out other conditions that may cause similar symptoms.
Preparing for medical consultation
To prepare for an appointment for posterior cortical atrophy, you can follow a similar approach as for other medical appointments. Here are some suggestions to help you get ready:
- Make the appointment: Contact your healthcare provider to schedule an appointment. Inquire about any pre-appointment instructions or tests you need to prepare for.
- Gather your medical history: Compile a list of your symptoms, noting any changes or progression. Include any other conditions you have, and a list of your medications, vitamins, and supplements.
- Prepare a list of questions: Write down questions to ask your healthcare provider, such as:
- What is the likely cause of my symptoms?
- What tests are needed to confirm the diagnosis?
- What are my treatment options and their pros and cons?
- What kind of follow-up should I expect?
- Bring a support person: Consider bringing a family member or friend with you to the appointment to help you remember the information discussed and provide emotional support.
- Be prepared to discuss your overall health: Be ready to share any relevant information about your overall health, including any recent changes in your physical or emotional well-being. By being well-prepared for your appointment, you can ensure that you make the most of your time with your healthcare provider and receive the information and guidance you need.