Sarcoma

Overview

Sarcoma is a type of cancer that can occur in various locations in the body. It is a general term for a broad group of cancers that begin in the bones and in the soft (connective) tissues. Soft tissue sarcoma forms in the tissues that connect, support, and surround other body structures, such as muscle, fat, blood vessels, nerves, tendons, and the lining of joints. There are over 70 types of sarcoma, and treatment varies depending on the type, location, and other factors. The exact cause of sarcoma is not clear, but mutations in the DNA within cells can lead to uncontrolled growth and division of abnormal cells, forming a tumor that can spread to other parts of the body. Risk factors for sarcoma may include genetic predisposition and exposure to certain chemicals or radiation.

Understanding the disease

Symptoms

The symptoms of sarcoma include:

1. A lump that can be felt through the skin that may or may not be painful
2. Bone pain
3. A broken bone that happens unexpectedly, such as with a minor injury or no injury at all
4. Abdominal pain
5. Weight loss

Risk Factors

The risk factors for developing sarcoma include:

1. Inherited syndromes: Some inherited syndromes can increase the risk of cancer, including sarcoma. Examples of these syndromes include familial retinoblastoma and neurofibromatosis type 1.
2. Radiation therapy for cancer: Previous exposure to large doses of radiation, such as those given during radiation therapy for cancer, can increase the risk of developing sarcoma later.
3. Chronic swelling (lymphedema): Swelling caused by a backup of lymph fluid due to a damaged or blocked lymphatic system increases the risk of a particular type of sarcoma called angiosarcoma.
4. Exposure to chemicals: Certain industrial chemicals and herbicides can increase the risk of sarcoma affecting the liver.
5. Exposure to viruses: The human herpesvirus 8 can increase the risk of Kaposi's sarcoma in individuals with weakened immune systems. The exact cause of most sarcomas is not clear, as it can be caused by mutations in the DNA inside cells.

Development

Sarcoma is a type of cancer that can occur in various locations in your body. It is the general term for a broad group of cancers that begin in the bones and in the soft (connective) tissues. Sarcoma forms in the tissues that connect, support, and surround other body structures, such as muscle, fat, blood vessels, nerves, tendons, and the lining of your joints. The cause of most sarcomas is not clear, but they are believed to result from mutations in the DNA within cells. These mutations may cause cells to grow and divide uncontrollably and continue living when normal cells would die. As a result, the accumulating abnormal cells can form a tumor. Cells can break away and spread (metastasize) to other parts of the body. Risk factors for sarcoma may include inherited syndromes, radiation therapy for cancer, chronic swelling (lymphedema), and exposure to certain chemicals or viruses, such as human herpesvirus 8.

Assessment and Diagnosis

Triage

You should consider seeing a doctor if you suspect sarcoma if you experience any of the following symptoms:

• A lump that can be felt through the skin that may or may not be painful
• Bone pain
• A broken bone that happens unexpectedly, such as with a minor injury or no injury at all
• Abdominal pain
• Weight loss Sarcoma is a type of cancer that can occur in various locations in the body, and it's not clear what causes most sarcomas. If you experience any of these symptoms, consult a doctor for an evaluation and proper diagnosis.

Diagnosis

To diagnose sarcoma, a doctor will typically begin with a physical exam and may order various imaging tests, such as X-rays, MRI, CT scans, bone scans, and PET scans, depending on the suspected location and type of sarcoma. Additionally, a biopsy is often performed to collect a sample of tissue for laboratory testing. This can be done using a needle inserted through the skin or during an operation, and is usually done at a medical center with experienced health care teams to ensure proper procedure and minimize interference with future surgery. Pathologists will analyze the tissue sample to determine the type of cells involved and whether they are likely to be aggressive.

Management and Treatment

Preparing for medical consultation

To prepare for an appointment for sarcoma, you can take the following steps:

1. Write down any symptoms you're experiencing, including any that may seem unrelated to sarcoma.
2. Make a list of all medications, vitamins, or supplements that you're taking.
3. Ask a family member or friend to accompany you to the appointment, as they may help remember important information.
4. Prepare a list of questions to ask your doctor, such as:
   • What's likely causing my symptoms?
   • What tests do I need to confirm the diagnosis?
   • What type of sarcoma do I have? What stage is it?
   • What treatments are available, and which do you recommend?
   • Can the cancer be removed? What are the possible side effects of treatment?
   • Are there clinical trials available?
   • What's my prognosis?
   • Are there other specialists I should meet with for my cancer?
5. Consider seeking an appointment with an oncologist who has experience with sarcoma, especially if your regular doctor suspects you may have soft tissue sarcoma. These specialists are often found within academic or specialized cancer centers. Remember that it's essential to be well-prepared and ask any questions you may have during your appointment. Good luck with your appointment!