Seizure

Overview

A seizure is a sudden, uncontrolled burst of electrical activity in the brain that can cause changes in behavior, movements, feelings, and levels of consciousness. It can be a symptom of various conditions, including epilepsy. Seizures can have different symptoms depending on their type and location in the brain. A seizure that lasts longer than five minutes is considered a medical emergency. Medication can often help control seizures, but managing them can sometimes lead to side effects.

Understanding the disease

Symptoms

The symptoms of a seizure can vary depending on the type of seizure and the individual experiencing it. Some common symptoms include temporary confusion, staring spells, uncontrollable jerking movements of the arms and legs, loss of consciousness or awareness, and psychological symptoms such as fear, anxiety, or deja vu. Seizures can be classified as focal or generalized, with focal seizures resulting from electrical activity in one area of the brain. Treatment with medication or sometimes surgery can help control seizures for most people with epilepsy. It's important to note that having a single seizure does not necessarily mean a person has epilepsy, which is diagnosed if they have had at least two unprovoked seizures at least 24 hours apart.

Risk Factors

Risk factors for developing seizures include:

1. Family history of epilepsy or seizure disorders.
2. Head injuries or trauma.
3. Stroke or other vascular diseases that cause brain damage.
4. Certain infections such as meningitis or encephalitis.
5. Dementia, particularly in older adults.
6. Illicit drug use.
7. Heavy alcohol use.
8. Medical conditions that affect electrolyte balance.
9. Developmental disorders, such as autism. It's important to note that not every person who experiences a seizure has epilepsy. Seizures can also be caused by high fever, severe general illness, lack of sleep, and certain medications.

Development

Seizures occur due to a sudden, uncontrolled burst of electrical activity in the brain. They can be categorized into different types based on their origin and the extent to which they spread in the brain. Some common seizure types include:

1. Partial seizures: These seizures begin in a specific area of the brain and can affect consciousness, emotions, and muscle movements. They can be further classified as simple partial seizures, where only a limited part of the brain is affected, or complex partial seizures, where there's a loss of consciousness or confusion.
2. Generalized seizures: These seizures involve both sides of the brain and can cause a loss of consciousness. There are several types of generalized seizures, including tonic-clonic seizures (formerly known as grand mal seizures), atonic seizures, and myoclonic seizures.
3. Absence seizures: These seizures, also known as petit mal seizures, involve a brief lapse of consciousness and staring spells. They typically begin in childhood and may be caused by genetic factors.
4. Auras: Some people with epilepsy experience a warning sign, called an aura, before a seizure. Auras can include unusual sensations, such as tingling or smelling something that's not there. The exact cause of seizures can vary, with some being related to epilepsy, brain injury, stroke, infections, or other medical conditions. In some cases, the cause may be unknown. Seizures can often be controlled with medication, and it's important to work with a healthcare professional to find the right treatment plan that balances seizure control with potential side effects.

Assessment and Diagnosis

Triage

You should see a doctor if seizure is suspected in the following situations:

1. If the seizure lasts more than five minutes.
2. If breathing or consciousness doesn't return after the seizure stops.
3. If a second seizure follows immediately.
4. If the seizure is accompanied by a high fever.
5. If the seizure is accompanied by heat exhaustion.
6. If the person who had the seizure is pregnant.
7. If the person who had the seizure has diabetes.
8. If the seizure resulted in an injury.
9. If you experience a seizure for the first time. Remember to seek immediate medical help in emergency situations, such as prolonged automatic behaviors lasting minutes to hours, seizures lasting more than five minutes, or any other concerning symptoms.

Diagnosis

To diagnose a seizure, a healthcare professional will thoroughly review the patient's symptoms and medical history. Several tests may be conducted to determine the cause of the seizure and evaluate the likelihood of future seizures. These tests may include a neurological exam, blood tests to check for infections, genetic conditions, or electrolyte imbalances, and a lumbar puncture to examine cerebrospinal fluid. Additionally, imaging tests like a CT scan, MRI, or EEG may be performed to help identify any structural or electrical abnormalities in the brain that could be causing the seizures. The specific tests and diagnostic approach may vary depending on the details of the seizure and the individual's medical history.

Management and Treatment

Complications

Potential complications of seizures include falling, drowning, car accidents, pregnancy complications, problems with sleep, and the need to take anti-seizure medicines throughout life. Other possible complications include learning problems, behavior problems, social isolation, injury during the seizure, and medical problems affecting electrolyte balance. Illicit drug use and heavy alcohol consumption can also increase the risk of seizures and related complications.

Home Remedies

It is important to note that if someone is experiencing a seizure, it is crucial to follow medical guidance and seek professional help. Do not attempt to put anything in the person's mouth or try to stop the seizure. Instead, follow the steps include calling emergency services if the seizure lasts more than five minutes, or if there are concerns about the person's recovery after the seizure. If the seizure is due to a high fever (febrile seizure), it is recommended to seek emergency room or urgent care services. In general, it is advised to consult with a healthcare professional for proper evaluation and treatment of seizures.

Treatment

The most common way to control seizures is through medication. The specific type of medication prescribed will depend on the type of seizure and the underlying cause. In some cases, lifestyle modifications such as avoiding triggers or taking precautions during activities like swimming or driving may also be recommended. It is important to work closely with a healthcare professional to find the right treatment plan for managing seizures.

Preparing for medical consultation

To prepare for an appointment for a seizure, you can take the following steps:

1. Record information about the seizure: Note down details such as the time, location, symptoms experienced, and duration of the seizure. Also, gather input from any witnesses, such as family members, friends, or coworkers.
2. Be aware of pre-appointment restrictions: When you schedule the appointment, ask if there are any steps you need to take beforehand, such as fasting for specific tests or exams.
3. Write down key personal information: Include any major stresses or recent life changes that could be relevant to your seizure.
4. Make a list of medicines, vitamins, or supplements you're taking: Include dosages and any other relevant information.
5. Take a family member or friend along: Having someone with you can help you remember information discussed during the appointment and provide additional insights or answers if necessary.
6. Prepare a list of questions: Compile a list of questions to ask your healthcare provider, such as the cause of the seizure, recommended treatments, and potential alternatives. Remember to prioritize your health and well-being. It's essential to consult with a healthcare professional if you experience a seizure or have any concerns about your condition.