Overview
Shigella is a family of bacteria that cause an intestinal infection known as shigellosis. The main symptom is diarrhea, often bloody. Shigella is highly contagious and can be spread through contact with infected stool, contaminated food, or unsafe water. It primarily affects children under 5, but people of all ages can be infected. The infection usually resolves on its own within a week, and antibiotics may be prescribed for treatment.
Understanding the disease
Symptoms
The symptoms of shigella infection typically include diarrhea (often containing blood or mucus), stomach pain or cramps, fever, nausea, and vomiting. These symptoms usually begin a day or two after exposure to the bacteria and last for about five to seven days. In some cases, symptoms may last longer, and some people may have no symptoms but still be contagious. If you or your child experience bloody diarrhea, severe diarrhea leading to weight loss and dehydration, or a fever of 101 F (38 C) or higher, it is advisable to contact your doctor or seek urgent care.
Development
Shigella bacteria are a family of bacteria that cause shigella infection, also known as shigellosis. The main symptom of shigella infection is diarrhea, often bloody. Shigella is highly contagious and is spread through contact with and ingestion of small amounts of bacteria from the stool of an infected person. This can happen in various ways, such as not washing hands properly after changing diapers or helping with toilet training, eating contaminated food, or swimming in contaminated water. To prevent the spread of shigella, it is important to frequently wash hands with soap and water for at least 20 seconds, properly dispose of soiled diapers, disinfect diaper-changing areas, and avoid preparing food for others when experiencing diarrhea. Individuals with diarrhea should stay home from child care, play groups, or school. Shigella infections can lead to complications, especially in children under 5 and people with weakened immune systems.
Assessment and Diagnosis
Triage
You should see a doctor if shigella is suspected when you or your child experiences bloody diarrhea or diarrhea severe enough to cause weight loss and dehydration. Additionally, contact your doctor if you or your child has diarrhea and a fever of 101 F (38 C) or higher.
Diagnosis
To diagnose a Shigella infection, a sample of stool is collected and tested in a lab for the presence of Shigella bacteria or their toxins. This diagnosis can help determine the appropriate treatment and prevent the spread of the infection. If you suspect a Shigella infection, it's important to consult with your doctor who can guide you through the diagnosis and treatment process.
Management and Treatment
Complications
Potential complications of shigella include dehydration, seizures, and rectal prolapse. Dehydration can occur due to constant diarrhea, while seizures are more common in children who run a high fever. Rectal prolapse may occur as a result of straining during bowel movements or inflammation of the large intestine. It's essential to seek medical attention if any of these complications arise, as they can lead to severe health issues.
Prevention
To prevent the spread of shigella, you should:
- Wash hands with soap and water for at least 20 seconds frequently.
- Watch small children when they wash their hands.
- Throw away soiled diapers properly.
- Disinfect diaper-changing areas after use.
- Don't prepare food for others if you have diarrhea.
- Keep children with diarrhea home from child care, play groups, or school.
Treatment
If you have a shigella infection, treatment typically involves replacing lost fluids and, in some cases, taking antibiotics. For mild cases, replacing lost fluids from diarrhea may be sufficient. Drinking water is usually enough for healthy adults, while children may benefit from an oral rehydration solution like Pedialyte. In cases of severe dehydration, hospitalization may be necessary for intravenous hydration. Over-the-counter drugs containing bismuth subsalicylate (e.g., Pepto-Bismol, Kaopectate) may help decrease the frequency of stools and shorten the illness. However, they aren't recommended for children, pregnant women, or people allergic to aspirin. Antibiotics may be necessary for severe infections, but they are not always recommended due to the risk of drug resistance. Your doctor will determine the appropriate treatment based on the severity of your infection and your overall health. Remember to consult your healthcare provider before taking any medication or treatment for shigella infection.