Overview
A spinal cord tumor is a growth that develops within the spinal canal or the bones of the spine. These tumors can be classified into three types based on their location relative to the protective membranes of the spinal cord. Intramedullary tumors begin in the cells within the spinal cord itself, such as gliomas, astrocytomas, or ependymomas. Extramedullary tumors grow in the membrane surrounding the spinal cord or the nerve roots that reach out from the spinal cord. Tumors from other parts of the body can also spread (metastasize) to the vertebrae, the supporting network around the spinal cord, or, in rare cases, the spinal cord itself. Spinal tumors can lead to pain, neurological problems, and sometimes paralysis, and may be life-threatening or cause permanent disability. Treatment options for spinal tumors may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or other medications.
Understanding the disease
Symptoms
Symptoms of a spinal cord tumor may include pain at the site of the tumor due to tumor growth, back pain that often radiates to other parts of the body, feeling less sensitive to pain, heat, and cold, loss of bowel or bladder function, difficulty walking, back pain that's worse at night, loss of sensation or muscle weakness, especially in the arms or legs, and muscle weakness in different parts of the body.
These symptoms may vary depending on the type and location of the tumor. Intradural tumors are the main types of spinal cord tumors, including intramedullary tumors that begin within the spinal cord itself, and extramedullary tumors that grow in the membrane surrounding the spinal cord or the nerve roots that reach out from the spinal cord.
It's essential to seek medical attention if you experience persistent and progressive back pain, muscle weakness or numbness in your legs or arms, or other symptoms of cancer.
Risk Factors
The risk factors for developing spinal cord tumors include having a hereditary disorder such as neurofibromatosis 2, which causes benign tumors to develop on or near nerves related to hearing. Exposure to certain chemicals may also play a role in causing spinal cord tumors, although the exact causes are not always known. These tumors are more common in people with a family history of such disorders, but for many cases, the cause is not inherited.
Development
Intradural tumors begin in the cells within the spinal cord itself, such as gliomas, astrocytomas, or ependymomas. Extramedullary tumors grow in either the membrane surrounding the spinal cord or the nerve roots that reach out from the spinal cord. Examples include meningiomas, neurofibromas, schwannomas, and nerve sheath tumors. These tumors don't begin within the spinal cord itself but may affect spinal cord function by causing compression and other problems. Lastly, tumors from other parts of the body can spread (metastasize) to the vertebrae, the supporting network around the spinal cord, or, in rare cases, the spinal cord itself.
Assessment and Diagnosis
Triage
You should see a doctor if you experience persistent and progressive back pain, especially if it worsens at night or is not related to any specific activity. Other symptoms that warrant a doctor's visit include loss of sensation or muscle weakness, especially in your arms or legs, and numbness or muscle weakness that progresses. Additionally, if you have a history of cancer or develop new symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, or dizziness, it's essential to consult with a healthcare professional. Seek immediate medical attention if you notice progressive muscle weakness or numbness in your legs or arms.
Diagnosis
The most common and preferred method for diagnosing spinal cord tumors is through a spinal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). This test uses a powerful magnetic field and radio waves to produce accurate images of the spine, spinal cord, and nerves. In some cases, a contrast agent may be injected to highlight certain tissues and structures. If a CT scan is needed, it may be combined with an injected contrast dye to make abnormal changes easier to see. A biopsy is also necessary to determine the exact type of tumor, which involves examining a small tissue sample under a microscope.
Management and Treatment
Complications
Potential complications of spinal cord tumors include:
- Permanent disability: Spinal cord tumors can cause permanent damage to the spinal cord, leading to loss of function and mobility in affected areas of the body.
- Infection: Surgery or other treatments for spinal cord tumors can increase the risk of infection.
- Spinal cord compression: Tumors can cause compression of the spinal cord, leading to neurological problems like pain, numbness, and muscle weakness.
- Spinal instability: The removal of tumors or other treatment procedures may lead to spinal instability, requiring additional surgery or other interventions.
- Recurrence: Even after successful treatment, spinal cord tumors can recur in some cases. Regular follow-up appointments and imaging tests are essential for early detection of any recurrence. It is essential to seek immediate medical attention if you experience progressive muscle weakness or numbness in your legs or arms, changes in bowel or bladder function, or other symptoms of cancer. Early detection and treatment can help mitigate potential complications and improve the chances of successful management and recovery.
Home Remedies
It is important to consult a healthcare professional for proper diagnosis and treatment options for spinal cord tumors.
Treatment
Treatments for spinal cord tumors may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or other medications. Surgery is often the first option for removing the tumor and relieving compression on the spinal cord. Radiation therapy can be used before or after surgery to kill cancer cells and shrink the tumor. Chemotherapy can be administered orally or through injections and may be used in combination with radiation therapy. Other medications, such as corticosteroids, can be prescribed to alleviate swelling or pain. The specific treatment plan will depend on the type, location, and severity of the tumor, as well as the overall health of the patient. It is recommended to consult with a medical professional for personalized advice and treatment options.
Preparing for medical consultation
To prepare for an appointment for a suspected spinal cord tumor, you can do the following:
- Write down any symptoms you've been experiencing, including their duration and severity.
- List your key medical information, including any existing conditions and medications you're taking.
- Note any family history of brain or spinal tumors in first-degree relatives.
- Take a family member or friend with you for support and to help recall information.
- Prepare a list of questions to ask your doctor, such as:
- What may be causing my symptoms?
- Are there any other possible causes?
- What kinds of tests do I need? Do these tests require any special preparation?
- What do you recommend for next steps in determining my diagnosis and treatment?
- Should I see a specialist?
- Discuss with your doctor the potential need for a second opinion.
Remember to be open and honest with your doctor about your concerns and symptoms, and don't hesitate to ask any questions that come up during your appointment.