Stomach Cancer

Overview

Stomach cancer, also known as gastric cancer, is a type of cancer that originates from the growth of abnormal cells in the stomach. The stomach is located in the upper middle part of the belly, just below the ribs, and is responsible for breaking down and digesting food. Stomach cancer can occur in any part of the stomach, with the most common type being adenocarcinoma, which starts in cells that produce mucus. In the United States, stomach cancer is more likely to start at the gastroesophageal junction, which is the point where the esophagus meets the stomach. When cancer spreads to other parts of the body, it is called metastatic stomach cancer, and it causes symptoms specific to where it spreads. Common symptoms of stomach cancer include trouble swallowing, belly pain, feeling bloated after eating, nausea, and vomiting. If you experience any of these symptoms, it is important to consult your healthcare provider for proper evaluation and treatment.

Understanding the disease

Symptoms

The symptoms of stomach cancer may include trouble swallowing, belly pain, feeling bloated after eating, feeling full after eating small amounts of food, not feeling hungry when you would expect to be hungry, heartburn, indigestion, nausea, vomiting, losing weight without trying, and feeling very tired. Stomach cancer that spreads to other parts of the body may cause specific symptoms based on its location, such as lumps in the lymph nodes, yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes, or fluid buildup in the belly. If you experience any of these symptoms or are concerned about your health, it is recommended to make an appointment with your health care provider.

Risk Factors

Risk factors for developing stomach cancer include ongoing problems with stomach acid backing up into the esophagus (gastroesophageal reflux disease), a diet high in salty and smoked foods, a diet low in fruits and vegetables, infection in the stomach caused by the Helicobacter pylori germ, swelling and irritation of the inside of the stomach (gastritis), smoking, growths of noncancerous cells in the stomach (polyps), family history of stomach cancer, and genetic syndromes that increase the risk of stomach cancer and other cancers.

Development

Stomach cancer begins when something damages the cells in the inner lining of the stomach, causing changes in their DNA. These changes instruct the cells to multiply quickly, leading to the formation of extra cells in the stomach. The excess cells can form a mass called a tumor. The type of stomach cancer depends on the type of cell where the cancer began. Examples of stomach cancer types include adenocarcinoma, which starts in cells that produce mucus, and gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST), which starts in special nerve cells found in the stomach wall.

Assessment and Diagnosis

Triage

You should see a doctor if you have symptoms that are causing you concern and may be related to stomach cancer. These symptoms may include trouble swallowing, belly pain, feeling bloated after eating, feeling full after eating small amounts of food, not feeling hungry when you would expect to be hungry, heartburn, indigestion, nausea, vomiting, losing weight without trying. If you have a family history of stomach cancer, it's also important to bring this up with your healthcare provider, as they may recommend screening for stomach cancer.

Diagnosis

To diagnose stomach cancer, healthcare providers use a combination of tests and procedures. The most common method is an upper endoscopy, where a tiny camera is inserted through the throat to examine the inside of the stomach. Biopsies, where a tissue sample is collected for testing, may also be performed during an upper endoscopy or using special tools passed through a tube. Blood tests, such as those measuring liver health or circulating tumor DNA, may provide additional information about the cancer's progression. Imaging tests like ultrasound, CT, or PET scans can help determine the extent of the cancer and whether it has spread to other areas of the body.

Management and Treatment

Complications

Complications of stomach cancer may include:

1. Malnutrition: Stomach cancer can cause a decrease in appetite or difficulty swallowing, leading to malnutrition and weight loss.
2. Bleeding: Advanced stomach cancer may cause bleeding in the stomach, leading to anemia and other complications.
3. Perforation: Stomach cancer can cause a hole to form in the stomach wall, allowing stomach contents to leak into the abdomen and causing infection.
4. Obstruction: As the cancer grows, it may block the stomach or intestines, preventing food from passing through properly.
5. Spread to other organs: Stomach cancer can metastasize to other organs, such as the liver, lymph nodes, or bones, leading to complications at those sites.
6. Surgical complications: Surgery for stomach cancer can carry risks such as infection, bleeding, or damage to nearby organs. It's essential to work closely with your healthcare provider to manage these potential complications and ensure the best possible outcome.

Prevention

Stomach cancer can be prevented to some extent by adopting certain lifestyle changes and measures. Some preventive measures include:

1. Eating a healthy diet: Consuming a diet rich in fruits and vegetables while limiting salty and smoked foods can help reduce the risk of stomach cancer.
2. Quitting smoking: Smoking is a significant risk factor for stomach cancer, so quitting smoking can help lower the risk.
3. Maintaining a healthy weight: Being overweight or obese increases the risk of stomach cancer, so maintaining a healthy weight through a balanced diet and regular exercise can help prevent the disease.
4. Managing gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD): Consult with a healthcare provider if you have ongoing problems with stomach acid backing up into the esophagus. Proper management of GERD can help reduce the risk of stomach cancer.
5. Avoiding infection with Helicobacter pylori: This germ can cause stomach infections and increase the risk of stomach cancer. Maintaining good hygiene and getting vaccinated against certain infections can help prevent the risk.
6. Regular check-ups: If there is a family history of stomach cancer or genetic syndromes that increase the risk of stomach cancer, it is essential to inform healthcare providers. Early screening tests can help detect stomach cancer before symptoms appear, potentially allowing for better treatment outcomes. Remember that while these measures can help prevent stomach cancer, it is essential to consult a healthcare provider for personalized advice and regular check-ups based on individual risk factors.

Home Remedies

It is important to consult a healthcare professional if you or someone you know is experiencing symptoms of stomach cancer. They can provide guidance on appropriate treatments and support.

Treatment

The treatments for stomach cancer may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or a combination of these treatments, depending on factors such as the stage and location of the cancer. Surgery is often the primary treatment for stomach cancer, and may involve removing the cancerous tissue and a portion of the stomach. Chemotherapy and radiation therapy may also be used before or after surgery to help kill any remaining cancer cells or to shrink the tumor. The specific treatment plan will depend on various factors, including the type of stomach cancer cells involved and the stage of the disease.

Preparing for medical consultation

To prepare for an appointment for stomach cancer, it is important to be well-prepared, as appointments can be brief, and there is often a lot of ground to cover. Here are some steps to take:

1. Be aware of any pre-appointment restrictions: At the time you make the appointment, ask if there's anything you need to do in advance, such as not eating before having a specific test.
2. Write down any symptoms you're experiencing: Include any symptoms you're experiencing, even if they seem unrelated to the reason for your appointment.
3. Write down key personal information: This includes major stresses, recent life changes, and family medical history.
4. Make a list of all medications, vitamins, or supplements you're taking: This will help your healthcare provider understand your current health status and any potential interactions with treatments.
5. Consider bringing a family member or friend: They can help remember information provided during the appointment and provide emotional support.
6. Bring previous scans or X-rays and any other medical records: This will help your healthcare provider review your medical history and make informed decisions. Remember to be open and honest with your healthcare provider about your concerns and questions. This appointment is an opportunity to discuss your condition and develop a plan for your care.